Table 3.
Comparison of groups with and without osteoporosis regarding heart failure parameters, comorbidities, muscle strength, and habits
| Classification | Osteoporosis (T-score ≤−2.5) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
| Yes (N=17) | No (N=92) | ||
| NYHA functional class (N=109) | |||
| I or II | 3 (17.6) | 33 (35.9) | 0.142a) |
| III or IV | 14 (82.4) | 59 (64.1) | |
|
| |||
| LVEF (N=109) | |||
| HFpEF | 8 (47.1) | 45 (48.9) | 0.221a) |
| HFmrEF | 0 (0.0) | 12 (13.0) | |
| HFrEF | 9 (52.9) | 35 (38.0) | |
|
| |||
| HF etiology (N=109) | |||
| Ischemic | 7 (41.2) | 56 (60.9) | 0.131a) |
| Non-ischemic | 10 (58.8) | 36 (39.1) | |
|
| |||
| Glycemic status (N=109) | |||
| Normoglycemic | 2 (11.8) | 20 (21.7) | 0.130a) |
| Prediabetes | 9 (52.9) | 26 (28.3) | |
| Diabetes | 6 (35.3) | 46 (50.0) | |
|
| |||
| Chronic kidney disease (N=109) | 5 (29.4) | 33 (35.9) | 0.608a) |
|
| |||
| Vitamin D deficiency (N=90) | 5 (38.5) | 26 (33.8) | 0.742a) |
|
| |||
| Low handgrip strength (N=109) | 13 (76.5) | 57 (62.0) | 0.251a) |
|
| |||
| Smoking history (N=109) | 10 (58.8) | 43 (46.7) | 0.360a) |
|
| |||
| History of alcohol consumption (N=109) | 9 (52.9) | 45 (48.9) | 0.760a) |
The data is presented as N (%).
a)
Pearson’s χ2 test.
NYHA, the New York Heart Association; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFmrEF, heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HF, heart failure.