Table 2.
Maternal SSB intake before and during pregnancy and offspring overweight/obesity* at 1 year of age: the TMM BirThree Cohort Study, 2013–2017, Japan
| SSB intake | Offspring overweight/obesity* | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N/n | % | OR‡ | 95 % CI | OR‡ | 95 % CI | OR‡ | 95 % CI | |
| Pre- to early pregnancy | ||||||||
| None† | 992/79 | 8·0 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·00 | |||
| Medium† | 5410/463 | 8·6 | 1·08 | 0·84, 1·39 | 1·03 | 0·81, 1·33 | 1·06 | 0·81, 1·40 |
| High† | 712/81 | 11·4 | 1·48 | 1·07, 2·06 | 1·37 | 0·98, 1·90 | 1·36 | 0·96, 1·92 |
| P for trend § | 0·02 | 0·08 | 0·08 | |||||
| Early to mid-pregnancy | ||||||||
| None† | 1094/83 | 7·6 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·00 | |||
| Medium† | 5309/454 | 8·6 | 1·14 | 0·89, 1·45 | 1·10 | 0·86, 1·40 | 1·11 | 0·85, 1·45 |
| High† | 711/86 | 12·1 | 1·68 | 1·22, 2·30 | 1·56 | 1·13, 2·15 | 1·52 | 1·09, 2·12 |
| P for trend § | 0·002 | 0·01 | 0·01 | |||||
aOR: adjusted OR.
BMI Z-score was calculated based on the BMI reference data for Japanese children. Overweight/obesity was defined as a BMI Z-score greater than 2 sd above at 1 year of age.
None: 0 g/d, Medium: <195 g/d, High: ≥195 g/d.
Multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted for age at delivery, pre-pregnancy BMI, education; smoking status; parity; gestational diabetes; energy intake; intake of cereals, potatoes, meat, sugar, and alcoholic beverages; offspring sex; gestational age; birth weight; breast-feeding duration; and timing of introduction of fruit juice to the offspring.
P for trends were calculated as trends across categories.