Table 3.
Maternal SSB intake before and during pregnancy and offspring overweight/obesity* stratified by pre-pregnancy BMI and offspring sex: the TMM BirThree Cohort Study, 2013–2017, Japan
| SSB intake | Pre- to early pregnancy | Early to mid-pregnancy | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N/n | % | aOR‡ | 95 % CI | N/n | % | aOR‡ | 95 % CI | |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI | ||||||||
| <25·0 | ||||||||
| None† | 912/70 | 7·7 | 1·00 | 1007/74 | 7·4 | 1·00 | ||
| Medium† | 4843/391 | 8·1 | 1·09 | 0·82, 1·46 | 4758/378 | 7·9 | 1·07 | 0·81, 1·43 |
| High† | 616/62 | 10·1 | 1·30 | 0·89, 1·90 | 606/71 | 11·7 | 1·31 | 0·98, 2·25 |
| ≥25·0 | ||||||||
| None† | 80/9 | 11·3 | 1·00 | 87/9 | 10·3 | 1·00 | ||
| Medium† | 567/72 | 12·7 | 0·96 | 0·43, 2·14 | 551/76 | 13·8 | 1·32 | 0·60, 2·91 |
| High† | 96/19 | 19·8 | 1·82 | 0·73, 4·51 | 105/15 | 14·3 | 1·35 | 0·54, 3·40 |
| P for interaction § | 0·46 | 0·85 | ||||||
| Offspring sex | ||||||||
| Male | ||||||||
| None† | 506/36 | 7·1 | 1·00 | 557/36 | 6·5 | 1·00 | ||
| Medium† | 2806/224 | 8·0 | 0·99 | 0·68, 1·44 | 2753/214 | 7·8 | 1·03 | 0·72, 1·49 |
| High† | 358/36 | 10·1 | 1·28 | 0·80, 2·06 | 360/46 | 12·8 | 1·13 | 0·71, 1·81 |
| Female | ||||||||
| None† | 486/43 | 8·9 | 1·00 | 537/47 | 8·8 | 1·00 | ||
| Medium† | 2604/239 | 9·2 | 1·13 | 0·76, 1·69 | 2556/240 | 9·4 | 1·26 | 0·84, 1·89 |
| High† | 354/45 | 12·7 | 1·47 | 0·88, 2·47 | 351/40 | 11·4 | 2·17 | 1·34, 3·54 |
| P for interaction § | 0·96 | 0·19 | ||||||
aOR, adjusted OR.
BMI Z-score was calculated based on the BMI reference data for Japanese children. Overweight/obesity was defined as a BMI Z-score greater than 2 sd above at 1 year of age.
None: 0 g/d, Medium: <195 g/d, High: ≥195 g/d.
Multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted for age at delivery, pre-pregnancy BMI, education; smoking status; parity; gestational diabetes; energy intake; intake of cereals, potatoes, meat, sugar, and alcoholic beverages; offspring sex; gestational age; birth weight; breast-feeding duration; and timing of introduction of fruit juice to the offspring.
P values were determined using the interaction test.