Table 1.
Basic characteristics of study participants in the Khánh Hòa cardiovascular study, Vietnam (2019–2020)
| Red/processed meat consumption | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total participants (n 3000) | 0–99 g (n 2005) | 100–199 g (n 672) | ≥ 200 g (n 323) | |||||
| n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |
| Age | ||||||||
| Mean | 49·9 | 50·1 | 49·3 | 49·6 | ||||
| sd | 5·5 | 5·5 | 5·6 | 5·7 | ||||
| Female | 1840 | 61·3 | 1378 | 68·7 | 346 | 51·5 | 116 | 35·9 |
| Currently married | 2691 | 89·7 | 1754 | 87·5 | 631 | 93·9 | 306 | 94·7 |
| Education | ||||||||
| Less than primary school | 352 | 11·7 | 285 | 14·2 | 43 | 6·4 | 24 | 7·4 |
| Primary school | 863 | 28·8 | 624 | 31·1 | 166 | 24·7 | 73 | 22·6 |
| Secondary school | 1068 | 35·6 | 689 | 34·4 | 252 | 37·5 | 127 | 39·3 |
| High school or higher | 717 | 23·9 | 407 | 20·3 | 211 | 31·4 | 99 | 30·7 |
| Occupation | ||||||||
| Government employee | 295 | 9·8 | 165 | 8·2 | 84 | 12·5 | 46 | 14·2 |
| Non-governmental employee | 483 | 16·1 | 297 | 14·8 | 125 | 18·6 | 61 | 18·9 |
| Self-employed | 595 | 19·8 | 397 | 19·8 | 138 | 20·5 | 60 | 18·6 |
| Farmer/fisherman | 870 | 29·0 | 592 | 29·5 | 186 | 27·7 | 92 | 28·5 |
| Homemaker | 527 | 17·6 | 414 | 20·6 | 82 | 12·2 | 31 | 9·6 |
| Others | 111 | 3·7 | 68 | 3·4 | 27 | 4·0 | 16 | 5·0 |
| Retired/unemployed | 119 | 4·0 | 72 | 3·6 | 30 | 4·5 | 17 | 5·3 |
| Household income | ||||||||
| Low | 1002 | 33·4 | 739 | 36·9 | 183 | 27·2 | 80 | 24·8 |
| Middle | 1045 | 34·8 | 679 | 33·9 | 248 | 36·9 | 118 | 36·5 |
| High | 920 | 30·7 | 560 | 27·9 | 236 | 35·1 | 124 | 38·4 |
| Don’t know | 33 | 1·1 | 27 | 1·3 | 5 | 0·7 | 1 | 0·3 |
| Smoking status | ||||||||
| Never smoker | 2036 | 67·9 | 1486 | 74·1 | 402 | 59·8 | 148 | 45·8 |
| Former smoker | 350 | 11·7 | 186 | 9·3 | 99 | 14·7 | 65 | 20·1 |
| Current smoker | 614 | 20·5 | 333 | 16·6 | 171 | 25·4 | 110 | 34·1 |
| Daily alcohol consumption (standard drinks) | ||||||||
| Non-drinker | 2114 | 70·5 | 1537 | 76·7 | 412 | 61·3 | 165 | 51·1 |
| < 1 | 416 | 13·9 | 241 | 12·0 | 121 | 18·0 | 54 | 16·7 |
| 1–1·9 | 201 | 6·7 | 92 | 4·6 | 64 | 9·5 | 45 | 13·9 |
| ≥ 2 | 269 | 9·0 | 135 | 6·7 | 75 | 11·2 | 59 | 18·3 |
| Physical activity | ||||||||
| Low | 1030 | 34·3 | 743 | 37·1 | 172 | 25·6 | 115 | 35·6 |
| Middle | 975 | 32·5 | 662 | 33·0 | 235 | 35·0 | 78 | 24·1 |
| High | 995 | 33·2 | 600 | 29·9 | 265 | 39·4 | 130 | 40·2 |
| Sleeping hours per night | ||||||||
| < 6 | 210 | 7·0 | 142 | 7·1 | 54 | 8·0 | 14 | 4·3 |
| 6–6·9 | 447 | 14·9 | 322 | 16·1 | 81 | 12·1 | 44 | 13·6 |
| 7–7·9 | 898 | 29·9 | 619 | 30·9 | 187 | 27·8 | 92 | 28·5 |
| 8–8·9 | 863 | 28·8 | 581 | 29·0 | 189 | 28·1 | 93 | 28·8 |
| ≥ 9 | 581 | 19·4 | 341 | 17·0 | 161 | 24·0 | 79 | 24·5 |
| Missing | 1 | 0·03 | 0 | 0·0 | 0 | 0·0 | 1 | 0·3 |
| Daily fruit consumption (servings) | ||||||||
| 0 | 276 | 9·2 | 200 | 10·0 | 46 | 6·8 | 30 | 9·3 |
| 0·1–0·9 | 1697 | 56·6 | 1151 | 57·4 | 365 | 54·3 | 181 | 56·0 |
| 1–1·9 | 670 | 22·3 | 436 | 21·7 | 165 | 24·6 | 69 | 21·4 |
| ≥ 2 | 357 | 11·9 | 218 | 10·9 | 96 | 14·3 | 43 | 13·3 |
| Daily vegetable consumption (servings) | ||||||||
| < 1 | 627 | 20·9 | 426 | 20·9 | 131 | 19·5 | 70 | 21·7 |
| 1–1·9 | 1284 | 42·8 | 932 | 46·5 | 241 | 35·9 | 111 | 34·4 |
| 2–2·9 | 705 | 23·5 | 416 | 20·7 | 205 | 30·5 | 84 | 26·0 |
| ≥ 3 | 384 | 12·8 | 231 | 11·5 | 95 | 14·1 | 58 | 18·0 |
| Daily standard soft drink consumption (standard drinks) | ||||||||
| 0 | 2546 | 84·9 | 1737 | 86·6 | 560 | 83·3 | 249 | 77·1 |
| 0·1–1·9 | 189 | 6·3 | 115 | 5·7 | 53 | 7·9 | 21 | 6·5 |
| 2–3·9 | 138 | 4·6 | 82 | 4·1 | 27 | 4·0 | 29 | 9·0 |
| ≥ 4 | 127 | 4·2 | 71 | 3·5 | 32 | 4·8 | 24 | 7·4 |
| BMI | ||||||||
| Mean | 23·2 | 23·3 | 23·1 | 23·1 | ||||
| sd | 3·0 | 3·0 | 2·8 | 3·0 | ||||
| Hypertension | 1189 | 39·6 | 796 | 39·7 | 265 | 39·4 | 128 | 39·6 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 1352 | 45·1 | 903 | 45·0 | 298 | 44·3 | 151 | 46·7 |
| Family history of diabetes mellitus | 373 | 12·4 | 251 | 12·5 | 84 | 12·5 | 38 | 11·8 |