Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies on the association between yogurt consumption and mortality in adults aged > 18 years
| Author | Cohort name | Country | Age | Sample size | Follow-up | Cases | Outcome | Exposure assessment | Comparison | RR | 95 %CI | Adjustment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Soedamah-Muthu et al. 2013 | Whitehall II | UK | 35–55 | M/F: 4522 | 11·7 | 237 | All-cause mortality | FFQ | > 69 v. < 10 g/d | HR: 0·74 | 0·53, 1·05 | Age, ethnicity and employment grade, smoking, alcohol intake, BMI, physical activity and family history of CHD/hypertension, fruit and vegetables, bread, meat, fish, coffee, tea and total energy intake |
| Bonthuis et al. 2010 | NSCS | Australia | 25–78 | M/F: 1529 | 14·4 | 177 | All-cause mortality | FFQ | > 30 v. < 2 g/d | HR: 1·20 | 0·79, 1·83 | Age, sex, total energy intake, BMI, alcohol intake, school leaving age, physical activity level, pack years of smoking, dietary supplement use, b-carotene treatment during trial and presence of any medical condition. |
| 61 | CVD mortality | HR: 0·71 | 0·31, 1·65 | |||||||||
| Schmid et al. 2020 | HPFS | USA | 40–75 | M: 40 278 | 26 | 12 397 | All-cause mortality | FFQ | > 4 serv/week v. never | HR: 1·05 | 0·95, 1·16 | Age, 2-year follow-up cycle, height, current BMI, BMI at the age of 18 years (women) or 21 years (men), ethnicity, physical activity, smoking status, pack-years of smoking, history of hypertension, history of hypercholesterolemia, history of diabetes, family history of cancer, family history of diabetes, family history of myocardial infarction, current multivitamin use, regular aspirin use, menopausal status and hormone use in women, total caloric intake, alcohol consumption, glycemic load, and intakes of unprocessed red meat, processed meat, nuts, total fibre, fruits, vegetables, and total Ca. |
| 3733 | CVD mortality | HR: 0·95 | 0·79, 1·13 | |||||||||
| 4000 | Cancer mortality | HR: 1·10 | 0·93, 1·30 | |||||||||
| NHS | 30–55 | F: 82 348 | 32 | 20 831 | All-cause mortality | > 4 serv/week v. never | HR: 0·91 | 0·85, 0·98 | ||||
| 4207 | CVD mortality | HR: 0·92 | 0·79, 1·08 | |||||||||
| 7985 | Cancer mortality | HR: 0·87 | 0·78, 0·98 | |||||||||
| Farvid et al.2017 | GCS | Iran | 36–85 | F/M: 42 403 | 11 | 3291 | All-cause mortality | FFQ | ≥ 0·75 v.≤ 0·2 serv/d | HR: 0·89 | 0·79, 1·00 | Sex, age, ethnicity, education, marital status, residency, smoking, opium use, alcohol use, BMI, systolic blood pressure, occupational physical activity, family history of cancer, wealth score, medication use and energy intake. |
| 1467 | CVD mortality | HR:0·84 | 0·70, 1·00 | |||||||||
| 859 | Cancer mortality | HR:0·86 | 0·69, 1·08 | |||||||||
| Dehghan et al. 2018 | PURE | 21 countries | 35–70 | F/M: 123 830 | 9·1 | 6796 | All-cause mortality | FFQ | > 1 serv v. zero | HR: 0·82 | 0·68, 0·98 | Age, sex, education, urban or rural location, smoking status, physical activity, alcohol intake, history of diabetes, family history of CVD, family history of cancer, and quintiles of fruit, vegetable, red meat, starchy foods intake, and energy |
| Praagman et al. 2015 | EPIC-NL | The Netherlands | 20–70 | F/M: 34 409 | 15 | 2436 | All-cause mortality | FFQ | > 104 v. < 15 g/d | HR: 0·95 | 0·85, 1·07 | Age, sex and total energy intake, smoking habit, BMI, physical activity, education level, hypertension at baseline, intakes of alcohol and energy-adjusted intakes of fruit and vegetables |
| 726 | CVD mortality | HR:1·08 | 0·87, 1·34 | |||||||||
| 1216 | Cancer mortality | HR:1·02 | 0·86, 1·21 | |||||||||
| Pala et al.2019 | EPIC-Italy | Italy | 50·1 | F/M: 45 009 | 14·9 | 2468 | All-cause mortality | FFQ | > 120 v. 0 g/d | HR:0·95 | 0·82, 1·09 | Age, sex, centre, energy, weight, height, and waist-to-hip ratio; alcohol consumption; smoking status; physical activity; relative index of inequality; Italian Mediterranean Index; and intake of sugar. |
| 459 | CVD mortality | HR:0·85 | 0·59, 1·23 | |||||||||
| 1464 | Cancer mortality | HR:1·00 | 0·83, 1·20 | |||||||||
| Praagman et al.2014 | RS | The Netherlands | > 55 | F/M: 4235 | 17·3 | 576 | Fatal CHD | FFQ | > 100 v. < 50 g/d | HR: 0·98 | 0·76, 1·26 | Age, gender, and total energy intake, BMI, smoking, education level, intakes of alcohol, vegetables, fruit, meat, bread, fish coffee, and tea |
| 564 | Fatal stroke | HR: 1·01 | 0·71, 1·44 | |||||||||
| Park et al. 2007 | NIH-AARP | USA | 50–71 | M:293 888 | 6 | 178 | Prostate cancer mortality | FFQ | ≥ 0·5 v. 0 serv/d | HR: 0·78 | 0·25, 2·50 | Age; race/ethnicity; education; marital status; BMI; vigorous physical activity; smoking; alcohol consumption; history of diabetes; family history of prostate cancer; screening for prostate cancer by use of prostate-specific antigen; and intakes of tomatoes, red meat, fish, vitamin E, alpha-linolenic acid, and total energy. |
| Kojima et al. 2014 | JACC | Japan | 40–79 | M: 45 181 | 9·9 | 79 | Colon cancer mortality | FFQ | High v. low | HR: 0·80 | 0·42, 1·51 | Age, family history of colorectal cancer, BMI, frequency of alcohol intake, current smoking status, walking time per d and educational level |
| 72 | Rectal cancer mortality | HR: 0·46 | 0·21, 1·02 | |||||||||
| 40–79 | F: 62 643 | 9·9 | 97 | Colon cancer mortality | High v. low | HR: 0·97 | 0·61, 1·56 | |||||
| 26 | Rectal cancer mortality | HR :1·51 | 0·60, 3·80 | |||||||||
| Matsumoto et al. 2007 | JMS | Japan | 19–90 | M/F: 11 606 | 9·15 | 255 | Cancer mortality | FFQ | everyday v. not everyday | HR: 1·48 | 0·59, 3·72 | Sex and age |
| Goldbohm et al. 2011 | NLCS | The Netherlands | 55–69 | M: 12 912 | 10 | 10 658 | All-cause mortality | FFQ | per 100 ml/d | RR: 0·96 | 0·92, 1·00 | Age, education, cigarette smoking; nonoccupational physical activity, BMI, multivitamin use, alcohol, energy, energy-adjusted mono- and polyunsaturated fat intakes, and vegetable and fruit consumption. |
| 520 | Stroke mortality | RR: 0·68 | 0·51, 0·91 | |||||||||
| 55–69 | F: 7870 | 10 | 5478 | All-cause mortality | per 100 ml/d | RR: 1·00 | 0·95, 1·05 | |||||
| 322 | Stroke mortality | RR: 0·70 | 0·54, 0·92 | |||||||||
| Sakauchi et al. 2007 | JACC | Japan | 40–79 | F: 64 327 | 13·3 | 47 | Ovarian cancer mortality | FFQ | > 1–2 times/week v. seldom | HR: 1·66 | 0·71, 3·91 | Age, menopausal status, number of pregnancies, history of sex hormone use, BMI, physical activity, and education |
| Khan et al. 2004 | Hokkaido | Japan | > 40 | M: 1524 F: 1634 |
14·8 | 155 | Cancer mortality | FFQ | C2 v. C1 | RR: 0·80 | 0·50, 1·30 | Age and smoking |
| 89 | RR: 0·70 | 0·40, 1·30 | Age, health status, health education, health screening and smoking | |||||||||
| Tokui et al. 2005 | JACC | Japan | 40–79 | M: 45 181 F: 62 643 |
11 | 344 | Stomach cancer mortality | FFQ | C5 v. C1 | RR: 0·82 | 0·50, 1·37 | Age |
| 183 | RR: 0·88 | 0·47, 1·64 | ||||||||||
| Nakanishi et al. 2021 | Yamagata | Japan | 40–74 | F/M: 14 264 | 9 | 265 | All-cause mortality | FFQ | C4 v. C1 | HR: 0·62 | 0·42, 0·91 | Age, gender, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, alcohol consumption, BMI and education period |
| 7 | 40 | CVD mortality | HR: 1·06 | 0·39, 2·84 | ||||||||
| 7 | 90 | Cancer mortality | HR: 0·53 | 0·27, 0·99 | ||||||||
| Lu et al. 2022 | Miyagi | Japan | 40–64 | M: 16 565 | 25 | 4304 | All-cause mortality | FFQ | > 3 times/week v. almost never | HR: 1·04 | 0·92, 1·17 | Age, education level, BMI, smoking status, alcohol drinking status, history of hypertension, and history of diabetes, energy intake, fish intake, vegetable and fruit intake |
| 1048 | CVD mortality | HR: 0·99 | 0·78, 1·26 | |||||||||
| 1713 | Cancer mortality | HR: 1·03 | 0·85, 1·24 | |||||||||
| F: 17 596 | 2522 | All-cause mortality | HR: 0·92 | 0·81, 1·03 | ||||||||
| 645 | CVD mortality | HR: 0·87 | 0·69, 1·11 | |||||||||
| 839 | Cancer mortality | HR: 1·10 | 0·89, 1·34 | |||||||||
| Lin et al. 2022 | NHANES | USA | > 18 | F/M: 32 625 | 8·1 | 3881 | All-cause mortality | Food recall | Consumer v. non-consumer | HR: 0·83 | 0·71, 0·98 | Age, sex, race, BMI, leucocytes count, Hb, platelet count, total bilirubin, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, hypertension, diabetes, asthma, congestive heart failure, CHD, stroke, chronic bronchitis and cancer. |
| 651 | CVD mortality | HR: 0·68 | 0·43, 1·08 | |||||||||
| 863 | Cancer mortality | HR: 1·00 | 0·72, 1·38 |
RR, relative risk; F, female; g/d, gram(s) per d; HR, hazard ratio; serv, serving; NSCS, Nambour Skin Cancer Study; HPFS, Health Professionals Follow-Up Study; NHS, Nurses’ Health Study; GCS, Golestan Cohort Study; PURE, Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology; EPIC-NL, European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition – the Netherlands; RS, Rotterdam Study; NIH-AARP, National Institutes of Health-American Association of Retired Persons; JACC, Japan Collaborative Cohort Study; JMS, Jichi Medical School; NLCS, Netherlands Cohort Study; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.