Table 2.
Stratified analyses on associations of yogurt consumption with risk of mortality from all causes, CVD and cancer in adults aged ≥ 18 years
| n* | Pooled RR | 95 % CI† | I2 (%)‡ | P-heterogeneity§ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All-cause mortality | |||||
| Location | |||||
| USA | 3 | 0·93 | 0·83, 1·05 | 74·4 | 0·02 |
| Non-USA | 9 | 0·93 | 0·88, 0·99 | 38 | 0·11 |
| Sex | |||||
| Male and female | 8 | 0·88 | 0·82, 0·95 | 29·7 | 0·19 |
| Male | 3 | 1·00 | 0·92, 1·08 | 54·5 | 0·11 |
| Female | 3 | 0·94 | 0·89, 1·01 | 37·2 | 0·20 |
| Follow-up duration | |||||
| > 10 years | 9 | 0·96 | 0·92, 0·99 | 24·8 | 0·22 |
| < 10 years | 3 | 0·80 | 0·72, 0·90 | 0 | 0·38 |
| Dietary assessment tools | |||||
| FFQ | 11 | 0·94 | 0·90, 0·99 | 44·9 | 0·05 |
| Food record | 1 | 0·83 | 0·71, 0·98 | – | – |
| Adjustment for energy | |||||
| Yes | 10 | 0·95 | 0·91, 0·99 | 32·7 | 0·14 |
| No | 2 | 0·76 | 0·58, 0·99 | 46·3 | 0·17 |
| Adjustment for BMI | |||||
| Yes | 11 | 0·94 | 0·90, 0·99 | 45·5 | 0·04 |
| No | 1 | 0·82 | 0·68, 0·98 | – | – |
| CVD mortality | |||||
| Location | |||||
| USA | 3 | 0·91 | 0·82, 1·03 | 0 | 0·41 |
| Non-USA | 8 | 0·88 | 0·77, 1·01 | 46·5 | 0·07 |
| Sex | |||||
| Male and female | 7 | 0·92 | 0·83, 1·02 | 0 | 0·43 |
| Male | 3 | 0·87 | 0·67, 1·11 | 62·6 | 0·06 |
| Female | 3 | 0·83 | 0·68, 1·02 | 52·6 | 0·12 |
| Follow-up duration | |||||
| > 10 years | 9 | 0·90 | 0·82, 0·99 | 40·3 | 0·09 |
| < 10 years | 2 | 0·74 | 0·48, 1·12 | 0 | 0·42 |
| Dietary assessment tools | |||||
| FFQ | 10 | 0·90 | 0·82, 0·99 | 33·3 | 0·14 |
| Food record | 1 | 0·68 | 0·43, 1·08 | – | – |
| Adjustment for energy | |||||
| Yes | 9 | 0·90 | 0·82, 0·99 | 40·3 | 0·09 |
| No | 2 | 0·74 | 0·48, 1·12 | 0 | 0·42 |
| Adjustment for BMI | |||||
| Yes | 11 | 0·89 | 0·81, 0·98 | 33·2 | 0·13 |
| No | – | – | – | – | – |
| Cancer mortality | |||||
| Location | |||||
| US | 4 | 0·97 | 0·83, 1·13 | 44·3 | 0·14 |
| Non-USA | 8 | 0·96 | 0·87, 1·05 | 24·6 | 0·23 |
| Sex | |||||
| Male and female | 6 | 0·96 | 0·86, 1·08 | 12·4 | 0·33 |
| Male | 5 | 0·97 | 0·83, 1·14 | 29·9 | 0·22 |
| Female | 4 | 0·96 | 0·81, 1·13 | 46·6 | 0·13 |
| Follow-up duration | |||||
| > 10 years | 7 | 0·97 | 0·89, 1·06 | 42 | 0·11 |
| < 10 years | 5 | 0·90 | 0·76, 1·08 | 3·2 | 0·38 |
| Dietary assessment tools | |||||
| FFQ | 11 | 0·96 | 0·88, 1·04 | 32·9 | 0·13 |
| Food record | 1 | 1·00 | 0·72, 1·38 | – | – |
| Adjustment for energy | |||||
| Yes | 7 | 0·98 | 0·90, 1·06 | 32·2 | 0·18 |
| No | 5 | 0·88 | 0·73, 1·05 | 16·5 | 0·31 |
| Adjustment for BMI | |||||
| Yes | 9 | 0·97 | 0·89, 1·06 | 34·5 | 0·14 |
| No | 3 | 0·88 | 0·73, 1·06 | 0 | 0·39 |
RR, relative risk.
*
Number of relative risks.
†
Obtained from the random-effects model.
‡
Inconsistency – the percentage of variation across studies due to heterogeneity.
§
Obtained from Q test.