Table 2.
OR and 95 % CI of eating behaviours according to the frequency of breakfast intake
| The frequency of skipping breakfast | Males | Females | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eating breakfast | Skipping breakfast | Sometimes | Often | Usually | Eating breakfast | Skipping breakfast | Sometimes | Often | Usually | |||||||||||
| (0/week) | 1–2 /week | (3–4 /week | (≥5/week | 0/week | 1–2 /week | 3–4 /week | (≥5 /week | |||||||||||||
| No. of participants * | 42 999 | 8953 | 2402 | 1640 | 4911 | 53 179 | 7654 | 2576 | 1793 | 3285 | ||||||||||
| Overeating | ||||||||||||||||||||
| n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |
| No. of yes | 22 167 | 52 | 4823 | 54 | 1317 | 55 | 876 | 54 | 2630 | 54 | 32 676 | 62 | 4953 | 65 | 1688 | 66 | 1183 | 66 | 2082 | 64 |
| OR | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | ||
| Age- and area-adjusted OR | 1·00 | 0·87 | 0·83, 0·92 | 0·93 | 0·85, 1·01 | 0·88 | 0·80, 0·98 | 0·84 | 0·79, 0·90 | 1·00 | 1·03 | 0·98, 1·09 | 1·08 | 0·99, 1·17 | 1·10 | 0·99, 1·21 | 0·97 | 0·90, 1·05 | ||
| Multivariable OR | 1·00 | 1·01 | 0·96, 1·06 | 1·03 | 0·94, 1·12 | 1·01 | 0·91, 1·12 | 1·01 | 0·94, 1·07 | 1·00 | 1·10 | 1·04, 1·15 | 1·10 | 1·01, 1·20 | 1·15 | 1·04, 1·27 | 1·06 | 0·98, 1·15 | ||
| Eating quickly | ||||||||||||||||||||
| n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |
| No. of fast | 21 800 | 51 | 5006 | 56 | 1336 | 56 | 904 | 55 | 2766 | 56 | 22 581 | 43 | 3590 | 47 | 1202 | 47 | 883 | 49 | 1505 | 46 |
| OR | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | ||
| Age- and area-adjusted OR | 1·00 | 0·99 | 0·95, 1·04 | 1·01 | 0·93, 1·10 | 0·99 | 0·89, 1·09 | 0·99 | 0·93, 1·05 | 1·00 | 1·06 | 1·01, 1·12 | 1·06 | 0·98, 1·15 | 1·18 | 1·07, 1·29 | 1·01 | 0·94, 1·08 | ||
| Multivariable OR | 1·00 | 1·06 | 1·01, 1·11 | 1·05 | 0·97, 1·15 | 1·05 | 0·95, 1·16 | 1·07 | 1·00, 1·14 | 1·00 | 1·07 | 1·02, 1·13 | 1·05 | 0·97, 1·14 | 1·19 | 1·08, 1·31 | 1·03 | 0·95, 1·10 | ||
| Eating out | ||||||||||||||||||||
| n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |
| No. of ≥3 times/week | 5597 | 13 | 2456 | 28 | 655 | 27 | 486 | 30 | 1315 | 27 | 3187 | 6 | 1136 | 15 | 405 | 16 | 257 | 15 | 474 | 15 |
| Age- and area-adjusted OR | 1·00 | 2·05 | 1·93, 2·17 | 2·06 | 1·87, 2·27 | 2·35 | 2·10, 2·62 | 1·94 | 1·81, 2·09 | 1·00 | 2·25 | 2·09, 2·43 | 2·43 | 2·17, 2·72 | 2·19 | 1·91, 2·52 | 2·14 | 1·93, 2·38 | ||
| Multivariable OR | 1·00 | 2·08 | 1·96, 2·21 | 2·09 | 1·90, 2·31 | 2·41 | 2·15, 2·69 | 1·97 | 1·83, 2·12 | 1·00 | 2·15 | 1·99, 2·33 | 2·38 | 2·12, 2·66 | 2·11 | 1·83, 2·43 | 2·00 | 1·79, 2·23 | ||
| Eating instant foods | ||||||||||||||||||||
| n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |
| No. of ≥3 times/week | 4020 | 9 | 1965 | 22 | 504 | 21 | 396 | 24 | 1065 | 22 | 1948 | 4 | 704 | 9 | 224 | 9 | 157 | 9 | 323 | 10 |
| OR | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | ||
| Age- and area-adjusted OR | 1·00 | 2·07 | 1·95, 2·21 | 1·99 | 1·79, 2·21 | 2·46 | 2·18, 2·77 | 2·00 | 1·85, 2·16 | 1·00 | 2·00 | 1·82, 2·19 | 1·92 | 1·66, 2·22 | 1·93 | 1·62, 2·29 | 2·10 | 1·85, 2·38 | ||
| Multivariable OR | 1·00 | 1·89 | 1·77, 2·01 | 1·89 | 1·69, 2·10 | 2·23 | 1·98, 2·52 | 1·78 | 1·64, 1·93 | 1·00 | 1·72 | 1·56, 1·89 | 1·80 | 1·55, 2·08 | 1·65 | 1·39, 1·97 | 1·70 | 1·49, 1·94 | ||
*
Individuals with missing data of each behaviour were excluded from their analysis (see online Supplemental Table 1).
Multivariable OR were adjusted for age, area, education level, drinking status, smoking status, annual household income and health examinations.