Table 4.
Clinically diagnosed medical conditions among users and non-users of any DS, MVM, individual vitamins/minerals, proteins/AA and combination products in the US military dietary supplement use study (yellow indicates higher risk among users, green indicates lower risk among users)
| Any DS | MVM | Individual vitamins/mineral | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CMDC | Prev user/non-user % | Unadjusted OR | 95 % CI | Adjusted OR | 95 % CI* | Prev user/non-user % |
Unadjusted OR | 95 % CI | Adjusted OR | 95 % CI* | Prev user/non-user % |
Unadjusted OR | 95 % CI | Adjusted OR | 95 % CI* |
| Any CDMC | 71·2/68·1 | 1·16 | 1·09, 1·23 | 1·10 | 1·04, 1·18 | 72·9/68·4 | 1·24 | 1·18, 1·31 | 1·15 | 1·08, 1·22 | 75·6/68·0 | 1·46 | 1·38, 1·55 | 1·33 | 1·25, 1·41 |
| Infectious/parasitic diseases | 7·2/6·5 | 1·10 | 0·99, 1·23 | 1·08 | 0·96, 1·21 | 7·3/6·8 | 1·07 | 0·97, 1·18 | 1·04 | 0·95, 1·15 | 8·0/6·6 | 1·24 | 1·21, 1·37 | 1·18 | 1·06, 1·31 |
| Neoplasms | 4·1/3·8 | 1·09 | 0·95, 1·26 | 1·07 | 0·92, 1·24 | 4·5/3·6 | 1·27 | 1·13, 1·44 | 1·13 | 0·99, 1·29 | 5·1/3·5 | 1·47 | 1·30, 1·67 | 1·29 | 1·13, 1·48 |
| Diseases of blood and blood organs | 1·0/0·8 | 1·32 | 0·98, 1·78 | 1·54 | 1·10, 2·15 | 1·2/0·8 | 1·38 | 1·08, 1·76 | 1·29 | 0·99, 1·68 | 1·6/0·7 | 2·25 | 1·76, 2·87 | 2·15 | 1·65, 2·80 |
| Endocrine, nutritional diseases | 9·6/ 7·7 | 1·28 | 1·16, 1·42 | 1·23 | 1·10, 1·37 | 9·9/8·5 | 1·18 | 1·09, 1·28 | 1·05 | 0·95, 1·15 | 12/5/7·6 | 1·18 | 1·09, 1·28 | 1·59 | 1·45, 1·74 |
| Mental, behavioural diseases | 13·3/10·6 | 1·30 | 1·91, 1·42 | 1·26 | 1·15, 1·38 | 13·2/12·1 | 1·10 | 1·02, 1·18 | 1·06 | 0·99, 1·15 | 15·9/11·1 | 1·10 | 1·02, 1·18 | 1·42 | 1·31, 1·54 |
| Diseases of nervous system | 15·4/13·4 | 1·18 | 1·09, 1·28 | 1·16 | 1·06, 1·26 | 16·1/14·0 | 1·18 | 1·10, 1·26 | 1·06 | 0·98, 1·14 | 18·9/13·1 | 1·18 | 1·10, 1·26 | 1·39 | 1·29, 1·51 |
| Diseases of eye and adnexa | 17·3/16·7 | 1·05 | 0·98, 1·13 | 1·05 | 0·97, 1·13 | 18·0/16·5 | 1·11 | 1·04, 1·19 | 1·08 | 1·01, 1·15 | 18·8/16·4 | 1·11 | 1·05, 1·19 | 1·12 | 1·05, 1·22 |
| Diseases of ear and mastoid process | 5·2/5·0 | 1·04 | 0·92, 1·18 | 1·03 | 0·90, 1·17 | 5·5/4·8 | 1·16 | 1·04, 1·29 | 1·09 | 0·97, 1·22 | 5·8/4·8 | 1·16 | 1·04, 1·29 | 1·13 | 1·00, 1·27 |
| Diseases of circulatory system | 5·3/5·1 | 1·04 | 0·92, 1·17 | 1·00 | 0·88, 1·14 | 5·8/4·8 | 1·24 | 1·11, 1·38 | 1·11 | 0·99, 1·25 | 6·4/4·7 | 1·24 | 1·11, 1·38 | 1·25 | 1·11, 1·40 |
| Diseases of respiratory system | 16·7/14·7 | 1·16 | 1·08, 1·25 | 1·15 | 1·06, 1·24 | 17·5/15·1 | 1·19 | 1·12, 1·28 | 1·16 | 1·07, 1·24 | 18·9/14·9 | 1·19 | 1·12, 1·28 | 1·26 | 1·17, 1·35 |
| Diseases of digestive system | 7·0/6·2 | 1·15 | 1·03, 1·29 | 1·14 | 1·01, 1·28 | 7·4/6·4 | 1·17 | 1·06, 1·28 | 1·09 | 0·99, 1·20 | 8·2/6·2 | 1·17 | 1·06, 1·28 | 1·27 | 1·14, 1·41 |
| Diseases of skin and subcutaneous areas | 10·8/10·1 | 1·08 | 0·99, 1·18 | 1·06 | 0·96, 1·16 | 11·5/9·9 | 1·18 | 1·09, 1·27 | 1·14 | 1·05, 1·23 | 12·5/9·8 | 1·18 | 1·09, 1·27 | 1·23 | 1·13, 1·34 |
| Diseases of MSK system | 37·6/32·6 | 1·25 | 1·18, 1·32 | 1·19 | 1·11, 1·26 | 39·1/34·1 | 1·24 | 1·18, 1·31 | 1·14 | 1·08, 1·20 | 42·3/33·7 | 1·24 | 1·18, 1·31 | 1·32 | 1·24, 1·40 |
| Diseases of GU system | 7·0/5·8 | 1·21 | 1·08, 1·36 | 1·06 | 0·94, 1·20 | 7·7/5·8 | 1·37 | 1·24, 1·50 | 1·14 | 1·03, 1·27 | 9·1/5·6 | 1·37 | 1·24, 1·50 | 1·29 | 1·16, 1·43 |
| Pregnancy, childbirth (women) |
7·6/3·9 | 2·02 | 1·37, 2·99 | 2·50 | 1·64, 3·81 | 10·3/2·9 | 3·81 | 2·77, 5·24 | 4·14 | 2·95, 5·81 | 8·0/5·9 | 1·38 | 1·07, 1·78 | 1·59 | 1·21, 2·09 |
| Congenital abnormalities | 1·1/1·0 | 1·10 | 0·84, 1·45 | 1·03 | 0·77, 1·36 | 1·2/0·9 | 1·31 | 1·04, 1·66 | 1·20 | 0·95, 1·53 | 1·3/1·0 | 1·31 | 1·04, 1·66 | 1·22 | 0·95, 1·57 |
| Signs, symptoms, abnormal labs | 35·2/31·5 | 1·18 | 1·12, 1·25 | 1·15 | 1·08, 1·23 | 36·5/32·4 | 1·20 | 1·14, 1·26 | 1·12 | 1·06, 1·19 | 40·3/31·5 | 1·20 | 1·14, 1·26 | 1·34 | 1·27, 1·42 |
| Injury/poisoning | 10·7/9·8 | 1·10 | 1·00, 1·20 | 1·08 | 0·98, 1·19 | 11·0/10·1 | 1·10 | 1·01, 1·19 | 1·09 | 1·00, 1·18 | 11·9/9·9 | 1·10 | 1·01, 1·19 | 1·20 | 1·10, 1·31 |
| External causes of morbidity | 5·3/5·1 | 1·05 | 0·93, 1·19 | 1·05 | 0·92, 1·20 | 5·5/5·0 | 1·10 | 0·99, 1·23 | 1·13 | 1·01, 1·26 | 5·9/5·0 | 1·10 | 0·99, 1·23 | 1·19 | 1·05, 1·34 |
| Depression | 3·0/2·4 | 1·28 | 1·08, 1·51 | 1·36 | 1·13, 1·64 | 3·0/2·8 | 1·06 | 0·92, 1·22 | 1·05 | 0·90, 1·23 | 4·2/2·3 | 1·85 | 1·61, 2·13 | 1·81 | 1·55, 2·12 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 2·6/2·1 | 1·25 | 1·04, 1·51 | 1·32 | 1·08, 1·61 | 2·8/2·2 | 1·26 | 1·08, 1·47 | 1·18 | 1·00, 1·40 | 3·2/2·2 | 1·48 | 1·27, 1·74 | 1·42 | 1·20, 1·68 |
| Hypertension | 3·6/3·6 | 0·99 | 0·86, 1·14 | 0·97 | 0·82, 1·13 | 4·0/3·3 | 1·20 | 1·06, 1·36 | 1·07 | 0·93, 1·23 | 4·2/3·3 | 1·27 | 1·12, 1·44 | 1·14 | 0·98, 1·31 |
| Osteoarthritis | 2·0/1·8 | 1·11 | 0·91, 1·36 | 1·06 | 0·85, 1·33 | 2·1/1·8 | 1·21 | 1·02, 1·43 | 1·00 | 0·83, 1·21 | 2·6/1·7 | 1·54 | 1·29, 1·83 | 1·34 | 1·11, 1·63 |
| Protein/AA | Combination product | ||||||||||||||
| CMDC | Prev user/non-user % |
Unadjusted OR | 95 % CI | Adjusted OR | 95 % CI* | Prev user/non-user % |
Unadjusted OR | 95 % CI | Adjusted OR | 95 % CI* | |||||
| Any CDMC | 68·3/71·9 | 0·84 | 0·80, 0·89 | 0·92 | 0·86, 0·98 | 69·6/70·8 | 0·96 | 0·91, 1·01 | 0·99 | 0·94, 1·06 | |||||
| Infectious/parasitic diseases | 7·1/7·0 | 1·01 | 0·92, 1·11 | 1·04 | 0·93, 1·15 | 6·9/7·1 | 0·97 | 0·88, 1.-06 | 0·96 | 0·87, 1·07 | |||||
| Neoplasms | 3·3/4·5 | 0·73 | 0·64, 0·83 | 0·95 | 0·82, 1·10 | 3·6/4·3 | 0·84 | 0·75, 0·96 | 1·01 | 0·88, 1·16 | |||||
| Diseases of blood and blood organs | 0·9/1·1 | 0·79 | 0·62, 1·02 | 1·17 | 0·87, 1·56 | 0·9/1·1 | 0·82 | 0·64, 1·05 | 0·96 | 0·73, 1·27 | |||||
| Endocrine, nutritional diseases | 7·5/10·3 | 0·71 | 0·65, 0·78 | 0·85 | 0·77, 0·94 | 8·7/9·4 | 0·92 | 0·84, 1·00 | 0·96 | 0·87, 1·05 | |||||
| Mental, behavioural diseases | 11·6/13·4 | 0·85 | 0·79, 0·92 | 0·93 | 0·86, 1·01 | 13·5/11·9 | 1·15 | 1·07, 1·23 | 1·15 | 1·06, 1·25 | |||||
| Diseases of nervous system | 12·3/16·8 | 0·69 | 0·65, 0·75 | 0·80 | 0·74, 0·87 | 14·3/15·4 | 0·92 | 0·86, 0·99 | 0·97 | 0·90, 1·05 | |||||
| Diseases of eye and adnexa | 15·8/18·1 | 0·85 | 0·79, 0·90 | 0·94 | 0·88, 1·02 | 16·1/18·0 | 0·88 | 0·82, 0·93 | 0·95 | 0·88, 1·02 | |||||
| Diseases of ear and mastoid process | 4·6/5·5 | 0·82 | 0·73, 0·92 | 0·94 | 0·83, 1·06 | 4·9/5·3 | 0·92 | 0·83, 1·03 | 1·00 | 0·88, 1·13 | |||||
| Diseases of circulatory system | 3·8/6·2 | 0·60 | 0·53, 0·67 | 0·70 | 0·61, 0·79 | 4·4/5·9 | 0·75 | 0·67, 0·84 | 0·79 | 0·69, 0·89 | |||||
| Diseases of respiratory system | 15·2/16·9 | 0·88 | 0·82, 0·94 | 0·93 | 0·87, 1·01 | 16·2/16·1 | 1·00 | 0·94, 1·07 | 1·05 | 0·97, 1·12 | |||||
| Diseases of digestive system | 5·9/7·5 | 0·77 | 0·70, 0·85 | 0·89 | 0·80, 1·00 | 6·7/6·9 | 0·97 | 0·88, 1·06 | 1·06 | 0·95, 1·17 | |||||
| Diseases of skin and subcutaneous areas | 10·1/11·0 | 0·91 | 0·84, 0·98 | 0·97 | 0·89, 1·06 | 10·2/11·0 | 0·92 | 0·85, 1·00 | 0·96 | 0·88, 1·05 | |||||
| Diseases of MSK system | 35·6/36·9 | 0·95 | 0·90, 0·99 | 1·02 | 0·96, 1·08 | 37·1/35·7 | 1·06 | 1·01, 1·12 | 1·06 | 1·01, 1·13 | |||||
| Diseases of GU system | 5·8/7·3 | 0·79 | 0·72, 0·87 | 0·95 | 0·84, 1·07 | 6·4/6·9 | 0·93 | 0·84, 1·02 | 0·99 | 0·89, 1·11 | |||||
| Pregnancy, childbirth (women) |
4·6/7·9 | 0·57 | 0·41, 0·77 | 0·67 | 0·48, 0·93 | 5·0/8·0 | 0·61 | 0·46, 0·80 | 0·69 | 0·51, 0·94 | |||||
| Congenital abnormalities | 1·0/1·1 | 0·87 | 0·69, 1·11 | 0·94 | 0·71, 1·23 | 1·0/1·1 | 0·92 | 0·73, 1·17 | 1·02 | 0·79, 1·33 | |||||
| Signs, symptoms, abnormal labs | 32·4/35·6 | 0·87 | 0·82, 0·91 | 0·96 | 0·90, 1·02 | 34·2/34·2 | 1·00 | 0·95, 1·05 | 1·04 | 0·99, 1·10 | |||||
| Injury/poisoning | 10·6/10·4 | 1·02 | 0·95, 1·11 | 0·99 | 0·90, 1·08 | 10·9/10·2 | 1·08 | 1·00, 1·17 | 1·03 | 0·95, 1·13 | |||||
| External causes of morbidity | 5·3/5·2 | 1·01 | 0·91, 1·13 | 0·98 | 0·87, 1·11 | 5·3/5·2 | 1·03 | 0·92, 1·14 | 0·99 | 0·88, 1·12 | |||||
| Depression | 2·4/3·2 | 0·77 | 0·66, 0·89 | 0·97 | 0·81, 1·15 | 2·9/2·8 | 1·03 | 0·89, 1·18 | 1·16 | 0·99, 1·36 | |||||
| Hypercholesterolemia | 1·9/2·9 | 0·63 | 0·53, 0·74 | 0·90 | 0·74, 1·08 | 2·1/2·8 | 0·73 | 0·62, 0·86 | 0·89 | 0·75, 1·06 | |||||
| Hypertension | 2·4/4·5 | 0·54 | 0·47, 0·62 | 0·61 | 0·52, 0·72 | 3·0/4·1 | 0·73 | 0·65, 0·84 | 0·77 | 0·66, 0·89 | |||||
| Osteoarthritis | 1·6/2·2 | 0·71 | 0·59, 0·85 | 0·81 | 0·66, 1·00 | 1·9/1·9 | 0·99 | 0·83, 1·18 | 1·10 | 0·90, 1·33 | |||||
DS, dietary supplement; MVM, multivitamin/multimineral; AA, amino acid; CDMC, clinically diagnosed medical condition; GU, genitourinary; ICD-10, International Classification of Diseases, Clinical Modification, Revision 10 (refer to Table 2 for ICD-10 code groups); MSK, musculoskeletal; Prev, prevalance.
*Adjusted for gender, age, formal education, BMI, weekly aerobic exercise duration, weekly resistance exercise duration, cigarette smoking and military service branch.