Table 1. Adapted workstream and competency framework for IM based on WHO Recommendations.

Workstream	Monitor & prepare	Detect	Intervene	Strengthen
Abbreviation: IM=infodemic management; WHO=World Health Organization.
Epidemics	Routine disease surveillance and emergency preparedness capacity building.	Promptly detect cases and contacts, and analyze the mode of transmission.	Treat cases and prevent new infections.	Evaluate the impact of interventions; strengthen health systems, and improve population immunity.
Infodemics	Monitor health knowledge and behaviors, and enhance the IM capacity within public health institutions.	Detect misinformation and disinformation, and analyze the spread and impact of infodemics.	Collect and translate the best evidence, share facts, and debunk false information.	Evaluate the impact of IM interventions; strengthen the IM system and improve population health information literacy.
Competencies for infodemic management	1) Social listening to monitor and analyze population knowledge gaps, health behaviors, and determinants; 2) build IM capacity within public health institutions.	1) Fact check to identify mis/disinformation; 2) analyze the impact and factors contributing to infodemics.	1) Identify the most robust evidence, translate scientific findings into high-quality health information, and proactively disseminate information from accurate and reliable sources to target audiences; 2) promptly debunk mis/disinformation; 3) risk communication and community engagement to build trust.	1) Quantify the impact of IM activities; 2) build individual and community resilience against mis/disinformation; 3) strengthen the ability to access high quality health information; 4) enhance the IM system by incorporating data-driven insights and lessons learned, and establish policies, resources, and mechanisms to support its effective implementation.