. 2023 Jul 1;15(13):3016. doi: 10.3390/nu15133016

Table 2.

Antioxidant activities of malvidin and its glycosides evaluated in an in vitro model.

Compounds	Cell Line	Effect	Refs.
Malvidin Malvidin-3-glucoside Malvidin-3-galactoside	Human umbilical vein endothelial cells	Decreased: ROS levels and xanthine oxidase enzyme activity Increased: superoxide dismutase enzyme activity	[59]
Malvidin 3,5-diglucoside	Human endothelial cells	Decreased: ROS levels	[60]
Malvidin-3-glucoside	Bovine aortic endothelial cells pretreated with peroxynitrite	Decreased: ROS levels Inhibited mitochondrial apoptotic signaling pathways by preventing mitochondrial membrane depolarization, activation of caspase-3 and -9, and reducing the expression of the proapoptotic Bax protein	[61]
Malvidin-3-glucoside, Malvidin-3-galactoside	Human retinal pigment epithelial cells pretreated with H₂O₂	Decreased: ROS and malondialdehyde levels Increased: superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase enzymes activity	[62]
Malvidin-3-arabinoside	Human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells pretreated with ethyl carbamate	Decreased: oxidative damages Enhancing autophagy flux	[63]
Malvidin	human fibroblast cells (WI-38) pretreated with H₂O₂	Decreased: lipid peroxidation	[64]