Table 3.

Anti-inflammatory activities of malvidin and its glycosides evaluated in an in vitro model.

Compounds	Cell Line	Effect	Refs.
Malvidin	Human umbilical vein endothelial cells pretreated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha	Decreased: monocyte chemotactic protein-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 production Inhibition: degradation of IκBα and the nuclear translocation of p65	[72]
Malvidin, malvidin-3- glucoside, malvidin-3-galactoside	Human umbilical vein endothelial cells pretreated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha	Decreased: monocyte chemotactic protein1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 production and angiotensin I-converting enzyme activity Inhibition: degradation of IκBα and the nuclear translocation of p65	[73]
Malvidin-3-glucoside and malvidin-3-galactoside	Human umbilical vein endothelial cells pretreated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha	Decreased: monocyte chemo-tactic protein-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 production Inhibition: degradation of IκBα and the nuclear translocation of p65	[74]
Malvidin-3-glucoside	Bovine arterial endothelial cells pretreated with peroxynitrite	Decreased: inducible nitric oxide synthase activity, cyclooxygenase activity, IL-6 production Increased: eNOS activity and NO production	[75]
Malvidin	RAW264.7 macrophages stimulated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide	Decreased: lipopolysaccharide-induced nuclear factor-kappaB, poly ADP-ribose polymerase and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, reactive oxygen species production and mitochondrial depolarization Increased: mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 expression and Akt activation	[76]
Malvidin-3-glucoside	Rat macrophages stimulated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide	Decreased: tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-1, IL-6 and inducible nitric oxide synthase activity	[77]
Malvidin	Human monocytic cells (THP1) stimulated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide	Decreased: IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and IL-1β production Increased: IL-10 production	[78]
Malvidin	Peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide	Decreased: IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and IL-1β production, cyclooxygenase 2 activity	[79]
malvidin	Human fibroblast cells (WI-38) pretreated with H2O2	Decreased: NF-κB production and cyclooxygenase 2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase activity	[64]