. 2023 Jul 6;15(13):3056. doi: 10.3390/nu15133056

Table 3.

Effects of honey on appetite and food intake.

Honey	Dose	Duration	Subjects	Physiological Parameter	Effect	Reference
Mixture of four types of clover honey obtained from Golden Heritage Foods, Smitty Bee Honey, Millers Honey Company, and Marshall’s Farm Natural Honey	1.5 g/kg/d honey vs. sucrose	1 m	Healthy subjects 24–57 years	Increase in energy intake	↓ ^a	[14]
				Increase in carbohydrate intake	↓ ^a
				Increase in sugar intake	↓ ^a
Pure clover honey	42.7 g vs. 35.5 g of sucrose	1 d	Healthy women 21.8 ± 2.9 years	Increase in post-prandial glucose	↓ ^a
				Increase in post-prandial insulin	↑
				Post-prandial leptin	↑	[26]
				Post-prandial ghrelin	↓
				Post-prandial peptide YY	↑
				Hunger rate	↓
				Satiety rate	↑ ^a
				Thermogenesis	↑
				Energy intake	↑
				Carbohydrate intake	↑
				Sugar intake	↓
Iranian natural unprocessed honey collected from Samans kandeh, Neka, Sari City	1 g/kg/d first 2 w 1.5 g/kg/d 2 w 2 g/kg/d 2 w 2.5 g/kg/d last 2 w	8 w	Type II diabetes 57.2 ± 8.4 years	Energy intake	↓	[19]
				Energy from protein	↓
				Energy from carbohydrate	↑
				Energy from fat	↓
				Sugar intake	↑

d: day; w: week; m: month; ↑: increase; ↓: decrease. ^a Significantly different (p < 0.05) from the control groups.