Table 8.

Other health effects of honey.

Honey	Dose	Duration	Subjects	Physiological Parameter	Effect	Reference
Low- and high- antioxidant buckwheat honey from the Dutch Gold company	1.5 g/kg	6 h	Healthy subjects 25.55 ± 2.30 years	Plasma phenolic concentration	↑ *	[56]
				Plasma antioxidant capacity	↑ *
				Plasma reducing capacity	↑ *
Manuka honey from New Zealand	Manuka honey microemulsion cream 0.5–1 cm Once a day	3 m	Patients with blepharitis 60 ± 12 years	Dry eye symptomology	↓ a	[57]
				Tear film quality	↑ a
				Ocular surface quality	↑ a
				Microbial burden	↓ a
Local unpasteurized honey from Honeycomb Apiairies, Bristol and filtered pasteurized clover honey from Dutch Gold Honey Inc, Lancaster	1 tablespoonful/d	30 w	Patients with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis 45.3 years	Symptoms of rhinoconjunctivitis	=	[58]
Multiflora honey and Manuka honey UMF 20+, both produced by Comvita New Zealand Ltd.	20 g/d	Crossover 4 w each period	Healthy subjects 42–64 years	IgE level	↑	[59]
				Gut bacterial	=
Astragalus honey made in Ashtian Region of Iran	1.2 g/kg from the 15th day to the onset of menstruation	Crossover 2 m each period	Female students with dysmenorrhea 22.01 ± 1.78 years	Pain	=	[60]
				Amount of bleeding	=
				Satisfaction	=

h: hour; d: day; w: week; m: month; ↑: increase; ↓: decrease; =: unchanged. * Significant differences (p < 0.05) within group between baseline and the end. ^a Significantly different (p < 0.05) from the control group.