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. 2023 Jun 25;12(13):2445. doi: 10.3390/plants12132445

Table 1.

Recently used methods of extraction of polysaccharides from several brown algae species.

Algae Polysaccharide Pre-Treatment Extraction Method Extraction Details Recovery References
Sargassum siliquosum Fucoidan Washed with (H2O); dried (60 °C) for 48 h;
powdered with single-shaft extruder under conditions of 115 °C, 10 kg/h. 360 rpm;
sieved with 20 mesh sieves.		 MAE & UAE 1 g powder
Solvent: EtOH 10 mL/g 25 °C for 4 h. MAE: 750 W; 10 min; 15 mL/g UAE: 100 W; 10 min; 15 mL/g		 MAE 6.94% UAE4.78% [29]
Fucus vesiculosus
Fucus serratus Fucus evanescens 		Laminarin & Fucoidan Grind-dried seaweed, washed with EtOH and acetone. MAE 1.5 g
Solvent: 25 mL sulfuric acid [10 mM] 120 °C for 30 min. Precipitation of laminarin EtOH (40% v/v); precipitation of fucoidan EtOH (70% v/v)		 Laminarin 8.68%
Fucoidan 5.56%		 [30]
Ascophyllum nodosum Fucoidan 80% EtOH; 20 h; room temp. 80% EtOH; 5 h; 70 °C. UAE 0.01 M HCl, 35 min, 40% amplitude; 20 kHz 2% CaCl2, overnight; 4 °C. 4.56% [22]
Nizamuddinia zanardinii Fucoidan Washed, dried (40 °C), milled, and stored in the freezer.
(50 g) suspended in 500 mL of 85% EtOH, stirred (24 h, 25 °C), rinsed with acetone, and dried under laminar hood (22 ± 2 °C).		 EAE & UAE & EUAE (Alcalase) EAE (2.5 mL/dry material weight, pH 7, solid-to-solvent ratios 1:30 g/mL) for 24 h at 50 °C.
UAE sonicated with distilled water (1:76 g/mL) with (frequency 20 kHz, max power 400 W, Ø = 1.3 cm) at 196
and 70 °C for 59 min.
EUAE (2.5 mL/dry material weight, pH 7, temperature 50 °C, solid-to-solvent ratios 1:30 g/mL) for 23 h. Sonication (196 W, 70 °C, 59 min)		 EAE 5.58%
UAE 3.6% EUAE 7.87%		 [31]
Saccharina Japonica Fucoidan Washed, chopped, freeze-dried (−80 °C. 72 h), ground. Samples that passed through a 710 μm sieving mesh were used. SCWE 200 cm3 batch system
0.1% NaOH
80 bars
S/L ratio 0.05 g mL−1, 127.01 °C, 300 rpm, 11.98 min		 13.56% [32]
Nizamuddinia zanardinii Fucoidan Washed with water, dried at 40 °C for 72 h, sieved (<0.5 mm). SCWE 29 min, 150 °C. Raw material to water ratio 21 g (mL) 25.98% [31]
Ascophyllum nodosum Fucoidan Oven-dried (50 °C). Ground for 9 days (1 mm particle size).
Maceration 10 min, 0.1 M HCl, room temperature.		 UMAE Sonication: 50 W, 20 kHz, 100% ultrasonic amplitude. Microwave 2450 MHz 1000 W, 5 min. 3.53% [33]
Nizamuddinia zanardinii Fucoidan Cleaned, rinsed on the spot with seawater. Washed with distilled water and oven-dried at 40 °C for 72 h. Powdered.

  1. Alcalase

  2. Flavourzyme

  3. Celluclast

  4. Viscozyme

  1. (5% v/v, pH 8, 50 °C, 24 h).

  2. (5% v/v, pH 7.5, 50 °C, 24 h).

  3. (5% w/v, pH 4.5, 50 °C, 24 h).

  4. (5% v/v, pH 4.5, 50 °C, 24 h).

Boiled at 95 °C 15 min and cooled in ice bath. Centrifugation (10 min at 9000 rpm)

  1. 5.58%

  2. 4.36%

  3. 4.80%

  4. 4.28%

 [31]
Sargassum muticum Alginate Washed with H2O. UAE v/m 20:1 (wt) Solvent: H2O; 25 °C, 30 min, 1.5 A, 50 W, 40 Hz. 15% [34]
Sargassum binderi Alginates Washed with H2O, dried,
milled with a blender.
Stored under vacuum.
EtOH treatment for dried seaweed (overnight) 25 °C. Filtered with 10 µL Millipore nylon mesh.
Washed with distilled water.		 UAE 10 g/L
Solvent: H2O
pH: 11
150 W
30 min
90 °C.
25 kHz		 27% [35]

MAE—microwave-assisted extraction; UAE—ultrasound-assisted extraction; EAE—enzyme-assisted extraction; EUAE—enzyme-ultrasonic-assisted extraction; SCFE—supercritical fluid extraction; SCWE—subcritical water extraction.