. 2023 Jun 27;23(13):5976. doi: 10.3390/s23135976

Table 2.

Relevant Thermometer Glass Compositions.

Glass Type	SiO₂	Na₂O	K₂O	CaO	B₂O₃	Al₂O₃	PbO	Reference
Silica-lead ^a	68	10	6	1	---	---	15	[152]
Borosilicate ^a	80	14	---	---	14	2	---	[152]
Corning 0041	50.1	6.6	1.5	---	---	1.9	39.9	[155]
Corning 1720 ^b	62	1	---	8	5	17	---	[153]
Jena 59^{III c}	72	11	---	---	12	5	---	[156]
Thuringian ^d	68.7	15.9	7.3	5.7	---	2.1 ^e	---	[144]
Kew ^f	53.9	1.7	8.5	0.56	---	0.48	34.5	[157]
Kew ^g	53	0.5	11.5	---	---	0.5 ^d	34	[158]

^a Representative compositions. ^b Includes ~7% MgO [159]. ^c Single alkali reduces thermometer bulb contraction. ^d Typical of German and French common thermometer glass prior to 1885; included ~0.24% MgO. ^e May also include Fe₂O₃. ^f From the early 1850′s; mean of analyzed percentages in ref. [160]; included traces of Fe₂O₃ and MnO. ^g Introduced around 1880 [139].