Table 5.
Prediction accuracies from previous studies for sagittal lower limb kinematics. Sensor locations included the pelvis (P), thigh (T), shank (S), and foot (F). Activities include level walking (LW), level running (LR), treadmill running (TR), ramp ascent (RA), ramp descent (RD), stair ascent (SA), and stair descent (SD).
| RMSE° | r | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study | Activity | Model | Sensors | Hip | Knee | Ankle | Hip | Knee | Ankle |
| Dorschkey et al. [13] | LW + LR | 2DCNN | PTSF | 5.4 | 5.2 | 5.5 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 0.96 |
| Gholami et al. [47] | TR | 1DCNN | F | 5.6 | 6.5 | 4.7 | 0.84 | 0.93 | 0.78 |
| Tan et al. [28] | LW | BiLSTM | TS | NA | 8.4 | NA | NA | 0.85 | NA |
| Tan et al. [28] | SA | BiLSTM | TS | NA | 9.7 | NA | NA | 0.95 | NA |
| Tan et al. [28] | SD | BiLSTM | TS | NA | 10.0 | NA | NA | 0.86 | NA |
| Sharifi et al. [18] | LW | BiLSTM | PTSF | 7.2 | 2.9 | NA | 0.88 | 0.99 | NA |
| Hossain et al. [16] | LW | DeepBBWAVE-Net | FF | 4.3 | 4.3 | 3.1 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 0.95 |
| Hossain et al. [16] | RA | DeepBBWAVE-Net | FF | 5.7 | 5.0 | 3.5 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.96 |
| Hossain et al. [15] | RD | DeepBBWAVE-Net | FF | 4.3 | 6.1 | 3.7 | 0.93 | 0.97 | 0.94 |
| Hossain et al. [15] | SA | DeepBBWAVE-Net | FF | 6.0 | 5.9 | 4.0 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.96 |
| Hossain et al. [15] | SD | DeepBBWAVE-Net | FF | 5.3 | 6.8 | 5.0 | 0.93 | 0.97 | 0.98 |
| Current | LW | BioMAT | TSF | 6.8 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.93 |
| Current | RA | BioMAT | TSF | 7.3 | 6.2 | 5.1 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.95 |
| Current | RD | BioMAT | TSF | 4.9 | 7.0 | 5.5 | 0.92 | 0.97 | 0.94 |
| Current | SA | BioMAT | TSF | 6.9 | 5.3 | 3.7 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.93 |
| Current | SD | BioMAT | TSF | 6.0 | 4.8 | 4.7 | 0.96 | 0.99 | 0.98 |