Table 4.

Industry 4.0-related technologies and application areas.

	Enhances	Related Technologies	Refs.
IIoT	Data acquisition New data streams Connectivity Interoperability	IoT Gateway, IoT hub, CoAP, MQTT, XMPP	[246,247]
Big Data	Data storage Stream processing Unstructured data	Hadoop, Spark, Kafka, splunk, NoSQL	[248,249,250]
Cloud Computing	Data analysis Applications Infrastructure	Edge/fog computing, Service models (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS)	[251,252,253]
Augmented reality	Inspections Communication Mobility	Smart glasses, Natural Language Processing (NLP), Geolocalization, Gesture recognition	[254,255]
RFID	Inspection Inventory Data collection	Active/passive tags, Bulk reading	[256,257,258]
3D Printing	Designing Replacements	Computer-aided design, 3D scanning	[259,260,261,262]
Digital Twin	Simulation Virtualization Optimization	Machine learning, simulation software (e.g., ANSYS)	[263,264]