Table 3.
Dietary patterns and risk of colorectal neoplasms, overall and subclassified by gut microbiota enterotypes a.
| Group | Healthy Pattern | p b | pheterogeneity c | High-Fat Pattern | p b | pheterogeneity c | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | |||||
| Control (N = 160) | ||||||||||
| No. (%) | 56 (35.0) | 52 (32.5) | 52 (32.5) | 59 (36.9) | 51 (31.9) | 50 (31.2) | ||||
| All colorectal cancer (N = 130) | ||||||||||
| No. (%) | 80 (61.5) | 24 (18.5) | 26 (20.0) | <0.001 | 53 (40.8) | 36 (27.7) | 41 (31.5) | 0.704 | ||
| Multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI) d | 1 (Referent) | 0.36 (0.19 to 0.66) |
0.38 (0.2 to 0.71) |
0.001 | 1 (Referent) | 0.80 (0.45 to 1.44) |
0.99 (0.55 to 1.76) |
0.925 | ||
| Type I colorectal cancer (N = 68) | 0.644 | 0.636 | ||||||||
| No. (%) | 39 (57.4) | 12 (17.6) | 17 (25.0) | 0.006 | (type I vs. II) | 31 (45.6) | 15 (22.1) | 22 (32.3) | 0.283 | (type I vs. II) |
| Multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI) d | 1 (Referent) | 0.40 (0.18 to 0.86) |
0.52 (0.25 to 1.11) |
0.054 | 1 (Referent) | 0.62 (0.30 to 1.31) |
0.97 (0.48 to 1.95) |
0.824 | ||
| Type II colorectal cancer (N = 48) | 0.046 | 0.139 | ||||||||
| No. (%) | 35 (72.9) | 7 (14.6) | 6 (12.5) | <0.001 | (type II vs. III) | 20 (41.7) | 15 (31.2) | 13 (27.1) | 0.803 | (type II vs. III) |
| Multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI) d | 1 (Referent) | 0.21 (0.09 to 0.52) |
0.19 (0.07 to 0.48) |
<0.001 | 1 (Referent) | 0.84 (0.39 to 1.83) |
0.69 (0.31 to 1.55) |
0.369 | ||
| Type III colorectal cancer (N = 14) | 0.049 | 0.219 | ||||||||
| No. (%) | 6 (42.9) | 5 (35.7) | 3 (21.4) | 0.683 | (type I vs. III) | 2 (14.3) | 6 (42.9) | 6 (42.9) | 0.236 | (type I vs. III) |
| Multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI) d | 1 (Referent) | 0.8 (0.22 to 2.85) |
0.51 (0.12 to 2.19) |
0.722 | 1 (Referent) | 3.22 (0.61 to 16.91) |
3.26 (0.62 to 17.18) |
0.179 | ||
| All colorectal adenoma (N = 120) | ||||||||||
| No. (%) | 59 (49.2) | 26 (21.7) | 35 (29.2) | 0.039 | 45 (37.5) | 36 (30.0) | 39 (32.5) | 0.942 | ||
| Multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI) d | 1 (Referent) | 0.48 (0.27 to 0.88) |
0.67 (0.38 to 1.18) |
0.120 | 1 (Referent) | 0.90 (0.50 to 1.60) |
0.97 (0.54 to 1.73) |
0.901 | ||
| Type I colorectal adenoma (N = 50) | 0.643 | 0.927 | ||||||||
| No. (%) | 27 (54.0) | 12 (24.0) | 11 (22.0) | 0.056 | (type I vs. II) | 21 (42.0) | 12 (24.0) | 17 (34.0) | 0.565 | (type I vs. II) |
| Multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI) d | 1 (Referent) | 0.48 (0.22 to 1.06) |
0.44 (0.20 to 0.99) |
0.033 | 1 (Referent) | 0.62 (0.27 to 1.39) |
0.88 (0.42 to 1.88) |
0.710 | ||
| Type II colorectal adenoma (N = 52) | 0.030 | 0.438 | ||||||||
| No. (%) | 26 (50.0) | 12 (23.1) | 14 (26.9) | 0.147 | (type II vs. III) | 22 (42.3) | 13 (25.0) | 17 (32.7) | 0.624 | (type II vs. III) |
| Multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI) d | 1 (Referent) | 0.46 (0.20 to 1.05) |
0.50 (0.23 to 1.09) |
0.068 | 1 (Referent) | 0.58 (0.26 to 1.31) |
0.94 (0.44 to 1.99) |
0.804 | ||
| Type III colorectal adenoma (N = 18) | 0.013 | 0.477 | ||||||||
| No. (%) | 6 (33.3) | 2 (11.1) | 10 (55.6) | 0.085 | (type I vs. III) | 2 (11.1) | 11 (61.1) | 5 (27.8) | 0.028 | (type I vs. III) |
| Multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI) d | 1 (Referent) | 0.30 (0.06 to 1.62) |
1.63 (0.53 to 4.98) |
0.295 | 1 (Referent) | 6.38 (1.33 to 30.7) |
2.67 (0.49 to 14.55) |
0.346 | ||
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio. a The colorectal cancer and colorectal adenoma groups were divided into three enterotypes (or subtypes), labeled as type I, type II, and type III, based on their gut microbiota profiles, using the Dirichlet multinomial mixture model. b The p values represent the comparison between the case group (colorectal cancer or adenoma, including their subtypes) and the control group, either in the univariate or multivariate analysis. In the multivariate analysis, p values were determined by the linear trend test, which utilized multivariable logistic regression. c The pheterogeneity value represents a test for heterogeneity to assess whether there is a significant difference in the association between dietary patterns and the risk of different subtypes of colorectal tumors. d The multivariable odds ratio (OR) was adjusted for potential risk factors with p-values less than 0.1 in the univariate analysis.