. 2023 Jul 7;15(13):3071. doi: 10.3390/nu15133071

Table A3.

Overview of study characteristics.

Study Name and References	Study Design	Year(s) of Data Collection	Number of Participants ¹	Participant Characteristics	Parameters Assessed ²				Method
Study Name and References	Study Design	Year(s) of Data Collection	Number of Participants ¹	Participant Characteristics	Food Consumption	Nutrient Intake ³	Nutrient Supplement Intake	Biochemical Nutrient Status	Dietary Assessment	Biochemical Nutrient Status
ABCD [20,52,65,78,89,93,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140]	Longitudinal cohort study	2003–2004	235–8267	15–44 years T1 Amsterdam	(Fatty) fish, alcohol, and caffeine		Folic acid, vitamin B₁₂, vitamin D, and iron	Folate, vitamin B₁₂, vitamin D, ferritin, and iron	FFQ and questionnaire	Serum
APROPOS-II [31]	Cross-sectional study	2019–2021	1077	29–33 years T1 The Netherlands	Vegetables, fruit, Alcohol, and caffeine		Folic acid		Questionnaire
DACE [141,142]	Longitudinal cohort study	1998–2002	101	Age n.s. T1–T3 Northern Netherlands	Alcohol				Questionnaire
DELIVER [66,143,144,145]	Cross-sectional study	2009–2011	1097–6107	16–48 years T1–T3 Across The Netherlands	Vegetables, fruit, and alcohol		Folic acid		Questionnaire
Dutch Monitor on Substance Use and Pregnancy [67]	Cross-sectional study	2016	1858	>18 years T1–T3 Across The Netherlands	Alcohol		Folic acid		Questionnaire
EUROCAT ⁴ [68,146]	Case-control study	1996–2005	448–3012	15–50 years Trimester n.s. Northern Netherlands	Alcohol		Folic acid		Questionnaire
EuroPrevall Birth Cohort [69]	Cohort study	2005–2010	976	Age range n.s. T3–4 weeks after birth Amsterdam			Folic acid, vitamin D, and multivitamin		Questionnaire administered by trained interviewer
Expert study I [83,102]	Cohort study	2013–2015	2477	>18 years T1 Southeastern Netherlands		Calcium	Calcium		Questionnaire
Generation R [20,21,26,39,41,44,51,53,54,55,70,82,84,92,94,96,98,116,124,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238,239,240,241,242]	Longitudinal cohort study	2001–2005	59–8742	20–40 years T1 Rotterdam	Vegetables, fruit, nuts, bread, (breakfast) cereal, pasta, rice, legumes, vegetable oil, margarine, butter, meat, fresh meat, processed meat, sugar-containing drinks, (fatty) fish, alcohol, caffeine, and salt	Protein, calcium, iron, and magnesium	Folic acid, multivitamin, and iron	Folate, vitamin B₁₂, vitamin D, iodine, ferritin, and iron	FFQ ⁵ and questionnaire	Plasma, serum, and urine
GLIMP2 [50]	Cohort study	2015–2017	53–67	Age range n.s. T0, T1, or T2 Eastern Netherlands	Alcohol	Protein, vitamin B₆, folate, vitamin B₁₂, vitamin D, and iron	Folic acid, vitamin B₁₂, vitamin D, and iron	Vitamin B₆, folate, vitamin B₁₂, vitamin D, and ferritin	FFQ ⁵	Whole blood, plasma, and serum
HAPPY [87]	Longitudinal, cohort study	2013–2014	2041	Age range n.s. T1 Southeastern Netherlands	Alcohol		Vitamin D and multivitamin	Copper and zinc	Questionnaire	Plasma
HAVEN [43,71,243]	Case-control study	2003–2006	251–324	25–40 years FFQ assessment 16 months after pregnancy; alcohol and supplement use 4 weeks prior to 8 weeks post conception. Rotterdam, Leiden, and Amsterdam	Alcohol	DHA, EPA, riboflavin, niacin, and folate	Folic acid and multivitamin		FFQ ⁶ and questionnaire
Healthy pregnant [72]	Case-control study	2004–2009	529	Age range n.s. Trimester n.s. Veendam, Groningen	Alcohol		Folic acid		Questionnaire
HERNIA [56]	Case-control study	2006–2009	46	Age range n.s. T2 Rotterdam		Protein	Folic acid and multivitamin		FFQ ⁵ and questionnaire	Serum
IROSTAT [95]	Case-control study	2011–2012	313	Age range n.s. T1–T3 Den Haag, Rotterdam			Iron		Questionnaire
JOZO [99]	Cohort study	2018–2019	292	21–43 years T1–T3 Northern Netherlands			Iodine	Iodine	n.s.	Urine
KOALA [20,32,42,81,89,91,124,244]	Cohort study	2000–2002	913–2834	Age range n.s. T3 Central and South Netherlands	Vegetables, fruit, bread, (breakfast) cereals, legumes, meat, processed meat and poultry, and alcohol	DHA, vitamin B₁₂	Fish oil, vitamin B₁₂, vitamin D, and multivitamin	Vitamin B₁₂ and vitamin D	Questionnaire	Plasma
Lifelines [73]	Cohort study	Children born in 1993–2013	5602	15–>40 years Trimester n.s. Northern Netherlands	Alcohol		Folic acid		Questionnaire
LINC [245]	Cohort study	2011–2013	59	23–40 years Trimester n.s. Region of Zwolle	Alcohol				Questionnaire
LucKi [20]	Cohort study	2006-n.s.	543	Age range n.s. Trimester n.s. The Netherlands	(Fatty) fish				Questionnaire
Maastricht cohort and intervention study about pregnancy-related girdle pain [74]	Cohort study	2000–2002	7526	Age range n.s. Trimester n.s. Control group in positional plagiocephaly cohort Southeastern area of The Netherlands			Folic acid and multivitamin		Questionnaire
MEFAB [246,247]	Cohort study	1989–1995	242–292	Age range n.s. Assessed at follow-up visit outpatient clinic in Maastricht, which is south of The Netherlands	Alcohol				Questionnaire	Plasma
MINDS-Leiden [248]	Longitudinal study	n.s.	150	17–25 years T3 Leiden	Alcohol				Questionnaire
Parents to Be [75]	RCT	2000–2003	422	18–40 years 2 months after birth Leiden	Alcohol		Folic acid		Questionnaire
‘Peiling melkvoeding van zuigelingen’ [249]	National survey	2015	1678	17–48 years Until 7 months after pregnancy The Netherlands	Alcohol (use before conception)				Questionnaire
PIAMA [20,36,37,76,124]	Cohort study	1996–1997	3335–3963	Age range n.s. T1–T3 The Netherlands	Vegetables, fruit, nuts, and fish		Folic acid and multivitamins		FFQ and questionnaire
Pregnancy Anxiety and Depression [46,250]	Cohort study	2011–2013	1340	Age range n.s. T2 The Netherlands	Alcohol				Questionnaire
RESPECT study [38]	Cohort study	2012–2014	3684	Age range n.s. T1 Central region of The Netherlands	Fruit		Folic acid		Questionnaire
Rotterdam Predict Study [35,77,79,80,100,251,252,253,254,255,256,257,258]	Cohort study	2009–2016	74–638	22–45 years T1, women who conceived naturally or via IVF/ICSI treatment Rotterdam	Vegetables, fruit, and alcohol		Folic acid and multivitamin	Folate and vitamin B₁₂,	Questionnaire	RBC and serum
TRAILS [48,259]	Cohort study	2001	1667	Age range n.s. T1–T3 Northern part of The Netherlands	Alcohol				Questionnaire
ZOOG [88,101]	Intervention study	2014–2015	36	21–38 years T2 Northern part of The Netherlands			Vitamin D and multivitamin	Vitamin D	Questionnaire
Belderbos et al. [86]	Cohort study	2006–2009	156	Age range n.s. T1–T3 Utrecht			Vitamin D		Questionnaire
Bliek et al. [58]	Case-control study	1998–2003	258	Age range n.s. 15 months after birth The Netherlands			Folic acid and multivitamin		Questionnaire
Cooijmans et al. [260]	RCT	2016–2018	60	Age range n.s. T3 Nijmegen	Alcohol				Questionnaire
de Smit et al. [59]	Controlled trial	2007–2008	21	Age range n.s. 11 months after birth Eastern part of The Netherlands			Folic acid		Questionnaire
Diepeveen et al. [261]	Case-control study	n.s.	253	Age range n.s. 10 days after birth The Netherlands	Alcohol				Questionnaire
Dirix et al. [49]	Case-control study	n.s.	90	Age range n.s. T3 Southern Limburg region	Alcohol				Questionnaire
Doornbos et al. [40]	RCT	n.s.	36	Age range n.s. T1, T2 and 3 months after birth Region n.s.	(Fatty) fish				FFQ
Groen in ’t Woud et al. [60]	Case-control study	delivery date 1990–2013	2601	Age range n.s. Trimester n.s., Netherlands			Folic acid		Questionnaire
Hogeveen et al. [61]	Cross-sectional study	2002–2004	366	Age range n.s. T3 Nijmegen			Folic acid	Folate	Questionnaire	Plasma
Lamb et al. [262]	Cohort study	2008	410	Age range n.s. At birth Nijmegen	Alcohol				Questionnaire
Meulenbroeks et al. [121]	Survey	2019–2019	121 midwives and 179 obstetricians	Age range and trimester n.a. The Netherlands	Plant-based diet				Questionnaire
Merkx et al. [33]	Cross-sectional study	2012	455	Age range n.s. Trimester n.s. Southern part of The Netherlands	Vegetables, fruit, and fish				FFQ ⁴
Obermann-Borst et al. [62]	Cohort study	2003–2007	120	Age range n.s. 17 months after birth Rotterdam			Folic acid		Questionnaire
Poels et al. [47]	Case-control study	2015–2016	283	16–>35 years Within 1 year after birth Zeist	Alcohol		Folic acid		Questionnaire
Pop et al. [263]	Cohort study	2013–2014	1903	19–43 years T1 Southeastern part of The Netherlands	Alcohol				Questionnaire
Schoorl et al. [97]	Case-control study	n.s.	145	Age range n.s. T3 Region n.s.				Hemoglobin		Blood
Stern et al. [264]	Longitudinal study	n.s.	187	21–43 years During pregnancy up to 12 months after birth The Netherlands	Alcohol				Questionnaire
TNO et al. [63]	Controlled trial	2006–2007	333	Age range n.s. Trimester n.s. The Netherlands			Folic acid		Questionnaire
van Dijk et al. [34]	RCT	2014–2017	109	18–45 years Non-pregnant and T1 beginning T2 Rotterdam	Vegetables and fruit		Folic acid		Questionnaire
Voortman et al. [57]	FFQ validation study	2010	83	Age range n.s. T2 Rotterdam		Protein, thiamine, riboflavin, vitamin B₆, folate, vitamin B₁₂, vitamin C, calcium, iron, and retinol	Folic acid	Folate and vitamin B₁₂	FFQ, 3 non-consecutive 24 h-recalls, and questionnaire	RBC and plasma
Vujkovic et al. [45]	Case-control study	1999–2001	81	Age range n.s. 14 months after birth The Netherlands			Folic acid		Questionnaire
Weernink et al. [90]	Case-control study	2009–2010	548	Age range n.s. 2–4 months after birth The Netherlands			Vitamin D		Questionnaire
Zetstra-van der Woude et al. [64]	Cross-sectional study	2009	486	Age range n.s. T1–T3 Northern part of The Netherlands			Folic acid		Questionnaire

¹ As multiple references were available, the minimum and maximum number of the reported sample size are stated. In case of a RCT or case-control study the number of participants in the control group are stated; ² limited to those recommended by the Health Council of The Netherlands [5,11,12]; ³ may include nutrient intake from supplements; ⁴ Northern Netherlands register on congenital anomalies; ⁵ dietary assessment method was reported as validated; ⁶ modified version of a validated questionnaire; vitamin D status = 25(OH)D = 25-hydroxyvitamin D; FFQ = food frequency questionnaire; IVF/ICSI = in vitro fertilisation/intracytoplasmic sperm injection; n.a. = not applicable; n.s. = not stated; RBC = red blood cells; RCT = randomized controlled trial; T0 = preconception, T1 = first trimester 1–3 months; T2 = second trimester 4–6 months; T3 = third trimester 7–9 months.