Table 4.
Association of bullous pemphigoid with autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
| Author | Year | Location | Study design | Reference cohort | N (case/control) | Autoimmune and autoinflammatory comorbidities in individuals with BP |
OR | 95% CI | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taylor G., et al. (55) | 1993 | United Kingdom | Case-control | Age- and sex-matched controls | 108/108 | - Incidence of autoimmune disorders between patients and controls was not significant - The haplotypes of patients with BP were similar to those of a locally drawn population |
n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
| Ameri P., et al. (56) | 2013 | Italy | Retrospective cohort-study | n.a. | 23/46 |
- Thyroid autoantibody positivity
- anti-TPO autoantibody positivity |
6.75
6.27 |
1.55-31.5
1.23-35.5 |
<0.01
<0.05 |
| Kridin K., et al. (57) | 2017 | Israel | Case-control study | Age-and sex- and ethnicity-matched controls | 287/1,373 | Psoriasis | 4.4 | 2.2-8.9 | <0.0001 |
| Phan K., et al. (58) | 2019 | Australia | Meta-analysis of case-control studies | n.a. | 4,035/19,215 | Psoriasis | 2.5 | 1.4-4.6 | 0.003 |
| Kridin K., et al. (21) | 2020 | Israel | Retrospective population-based cohort-study and case-control study | Age-, sex- and ethnicity-matched controls | 3,924/19,280 |
Psoriasis in individuals with BP
BP in individuals with psoriasis |
2.60
1.53 |
1.59-4.27
1.17-2.02 |
<0.001
0.002 |
| Chen Y.J., et al. (59) | 2020 | Taiwan | Case-control study using a nationwide database | age-, gender- and hospital visit number-matched controls | 5,263/21,052 | Ulcerative colitis | 3.60 | 1.91-6.77 | <0.001 |
| Kridin K., et al. (60) | 2021 | Israel | Population-based -study | Age-, sex- and ethnicity-matched controls | 3,924/19,280 | History of Asthma | 1.43 | 1.30-162 | <0.001 |
| Ständer S., et al. (61) | 2021 | Germany | Retrospective cohort study | Comparison of BP patients with and without psoriasis | 274 (11/262) | Prevalence of psoriasis 4% - younger age at onset of BP - milder erosive phenotype - lower levels of BP-180 antibodies |
n.a. | n.a. | n.a. 0.023 0.025 0.008 |
| Kridin K., et al. (62) | 2022 | Israel | Population-based cohort-study and case-control study | Age-, sex- and ethnicity-matched controls | 3,924/19,280 |
History of atopic dermatitis (AD)
History of allergic rhinitis (AR) Risk of AD Risk of subsequent AR |
1.76
1.13 2.00 1.00 |
1.44-2.15
1.01-1.28 1.60-2.51 0.83-1.20 |
<0.001
0.047 <0.001 0.997 |
| Wu P.C., et al. (19) | 2022 | Taiwan | Two case-control studies using a nationwide database | 1) age- and sex-matched controls 2) age-, sex-, and propensity score of comorbidities matched controls |
1) 9,344/18,688 2) 7,196/14,392 |
1)
Psoriasis Atopic dermatitis 2) Atopic dermatitis |
2.83 1.71 1.76 |
2.27-3.51 1.50-1.95 1.55-2.00 |
<0.001 <0.001 <0.001 |
| Kridin K., et al. (63) | 2022 | Israel | Population-based cross-sectional study | Age- and sex-matched controls | 1,743/10,141 | Thyreoiditis | 1.98 | 1.18-3.35 | 0.010 |
Data in bold indicate statistically significant results.
BP, bullous pemphigoid; OR, odds ratio; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; n.a, not available.