Table 3.

Vegetation indices used in the experiment.

Vegetation Index	Formula	Application
Difference Vegetation Index (DVI)	$NIR-RED$	This index distinguishes between soil and vegetation but does not take into account the difference between the reflectance and radiance caused by atmospheric effects or shadows [38].
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)	$\frac{NIR-RED}{NIR+RED}$	NDVI is a widely used vegetation index that measures the difference between the near-infrared (NIR) and red light reflected by vegetation. Healthy vegetation typically reflects more NIR light and less red light so a high NDVI value indicates a high level of vegetation density and productivity [39].
Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (GNDVI)	$\frac{NIR-GREEN}{NIR+GREEN}$	GNDVI is primarily used to estimate vegetation biomass and monitor vegetation health [40].
Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI)	$\frac{NIR-RED}{NIR+RED+L}·(1+L)$	SAVI is widely used to estimate vegetation biomass and monitor vegetation health, especially in areas with high soil background noise [41].
Modified Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (MSAVI)	$\frac{2\ast NIR}{2}+0.5-\frac{\sqrt{{(2\ast NIR+1)}^2-8\ast (NIR-RED)}}{2}$	MSAVI is widely used to estimate vegetation biomass and monitor vegetation health in a variety of environmental conditions [35].
Corrected Transformed Vegetation Index (CTVI)	$\frac{NDVI+0.5}{|NDVI+0.5|}·\sqrt{|NDVI+0.5|}$	CTVI is primarily used to monitor vegetation health and stress [42].
Simple Ratio SR	$\frac{NIR}{RED}$	SR is widely used to estimate vegetation biomass and monitor vegetation health [43].
Transformed Vegetation Index (TVI)	$\sqrt{|NDVI+0.5|}$	TVI is used to monitor vegetation health and stress, and is also sensitive to changes in vegetation structure and composition [35].
Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI)	$G\ast \frac{(NIR-RED)}{(NIR+C1\ast RED-C2\ast BLUE+L)}$	EVI is used to monitor rice growth and canopy biomass [44].
Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation Index (ARVI)	$ARVI=\frac{NIR-(BLUE-\gamma \ast (RED-BLUE\left)\right)}{NIR+(BLUE-\gamma \ast (RED-BLUE\left)\right)}$	ARVI is widely used to estimate vegetation biomass and monitor sensitive changes in vegetation with atmospheric correction [45].