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. 2023 May 15;13(7):4475–4492. doi: 10.21037/qims-22-1394

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2023 Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery. All rights reserved.

Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0.

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Differences in the rGCSA, rFCSA, F/G ratio, GMFI and FMFI of each muscle regarding the development of DIPs. (A) rGCSA; (B) rFCSA; (C) F/G ratio; (D) GMFI; (E) FMFI. **, P<0.01; ***, P<0.001; rGCSA, relative gross cross-sectional area; rFCSA, relative functional cross-sectional area; F/G ratio, the ratio of the rFCSA to the rGCSA; GMFI, gross muscle-fat index; FMFI, functional muscle-fat index; DIPs, distal instrumentation-related problems; MF, multifidus; ES, erector spinae; PSE, paraspinal extensor muscle; PS, psoas major.