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. 2023 May 22;13(7):4526–4539. doi: 10.21037/qims-22-1131

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2023 Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery. All rights reserved.

Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0.

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Measurements of the paraspinal muscles and fat using ImageJ software. (A) Image contrast and brightness were normalized using ImageJ software. (B) The fascial boundary of each paraspinal muscle was manually outlined. (C) The automatic threshold method and color segmentation technique were applied to separate fat and water signals. (D) The cross-sectional area of the fat and water signals within each paraspinal muscle were measured and recorded. MF, multifidus; ES, erector spinae; PM, psoas major.