Table 1. Patient characteristic information in the training cohort, testing cohort and validation cohort.

Characteristics	Training cohort (n=227)				Testing cohort (n=112)				Validation cohort (n=86)
	MIA/AIS (n=177)	IAC (n=50)	P value		MIA/AIS (n=86)	IAC (n=28)	P value		MIA/AIS (n=64)	IAC (n=22)	P value
Age (years)	50.74±11	54.60±11	<0.05		51.43±11	53.28±11	<0.05		54.02±14	62.74±11	<0.05
Gender			0.21				0.19				0.12
Male	53	18			35	10			25	8
Female	124	32			51	18			39	14
Margin			0.83				0.99				0.49
Blurred	154	46			77	24			33	16
Clear	23	4			9	4			9	6
Lobulation			<0.05				0.18				0.12
Present	134	40			58	23			22	5
Absent	43	10			28	5			42	17
Spiculation			0.46				0.63				0.17
Present	127	33			61	23			58	20
Absent	50	17			25	5			6	2
Pleural attachment			<0.05				<0.05				0.3273
Present	28	23			19	15			28	12
Absent	149	27			67	13			36	10
Air bronchogram			0.09				<0.05				0.14
Present	85	27			45	16			34	6
Absent	92	23			41	12			30	16
Vessel change			0.63				0.58				<0.05
Present	121	37			69	25			52	19
Absent	56	13			17	3			12	3
Bubble lucency			0.19				0.18				0.09
Present	53	21			37	13			23	10
Absent	124	29			49	15			41	12
Average major axis (mm)	9.12±3.07	11.02±1.22	<0.05		9.10±2.62	11.38±2.17	<0.05		11.11±4.36	18.78±7.92	<0.05
Average minor axis (mm)	7.09±2.03	8.45±2.39	<0.05		6.27±1.99	9.61±2.40	<0.05		8.68±3.05	14.53±4.37	<0.05
Lobe			0.38				0.21				0.07
Left	74	23			40	12			20	13
Right	103	27			46	16			44	9
Classification			<0.05				<0.05				<0.05
pGGN	135	21			67	9			55	7
mGGN	42	29			19	19			9	15

Numeric features are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. MIA, minimally invasive adenocarcinoma; AIS, adenocarcinoma in situ; IAC, invasive adenocarcinoma; pGGN, pure ground-glass nodule; mGGN, mixed ground-glass nodule.