Table 2.

Studies on clinical efficacy of CBD-based products in the treatment of pain in dogs.

Study design	Treatment	Results	References
Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover clinical trial to evaluate analgesic efficacy of a CBD-dominant hemp oil (equal mix of CBD and CBDA) on OA-related pain relief in 16 dogs.	2 mg/kg CBD (CBD + CBDA) orally twice daily for 4 weeks.	CBD produced a significant decrease in pain scores (measured by the Canine Brief Pain Inventory) and an increase in activity levels (measured by the Hudson activity scale).	(25)
Case report of one dog with chronic osteoarthritis treated with a CBD-purified hemp oil to improve analgesia, mobility, and quality of life.	1 mg/kg of CBD given orally with food twice daily for 30 days.	CBD produced analgesia with consequent improvement of mobility and quality of life of the dog.	(24)
Non-blinded observational study to evaluate the impact of using a CBD-dominant full-spectrum hemp oil-based product as adjunctive therapy on OA-related pain in 32 dogs.	0.3–4.12 mg/kg CBD (individually adjusted dose based on pain assessment) orally twice daily for 90 days.	30 out of 32 dogs showed pain relief (measured using a 0 to10 scale, with 10 representing the worst possible pain) and 21 out of 23 dogs were able to reduce or stop gabapentin after adding the CBD-dominant oil.	(54)
Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial to evaluate the safety and therapeutic potential of different doses and formulations of hemp-derived CBD oil for OA pain relief in 20 dogs.	20 mg/day of naked CBD, 50 mg/day of naked CBD, 20 mg/day of liposomal CBD orally for 4 weeks.	CBD significantly reduced pain (measured by the Helsinki Chronic Pain Index) and increased mobility in a dose-dependent manner. Liposomal CBD (20 mg/day) was as effective as the highest dose of non-liposomal CBD (50 mg/day) in improving clinical outcomes.	(55)
Randomized placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy of a pure CBD oil formulation, included in a multimodal drug regimen, in relieving pain in 9 dogs with spontaneous OA.	2 mg/kg of CBD administered orally transmucosally (OTM) twice daily for 12 weeks, added to the multimodal drug protocol.	Adding oral OTM CBD to a multimodal pharmacological treatment for canine OA improved owner-reported pain scores and quality of life of dogs (measured by the Canine Brief Pain Inventory).	(56)
Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over clinical study to evaluate the efficacy of a CBD-dominant hemp oil on OA-related pain relief in 23 dogs.	2.5 mg/kg of CBD orally twice daily for 6 weeks.	No differences were observed between groups at any time point for any of the recorded outcome measures (objective gait analysis, activity counts - via accelerometry - and clinical metrology instruments - Liverpool Osteoarthritis in Dogs and Canine Brief Pain Inventory).	(57)
Randomized, placebo controlled, blinded clinical trial to determine the impact of capsules containing a CBD/CBDA rich hemp oil on acute post-operative pain in dogs following a tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO).	2–2.5 mg/kg of CBD/CBDA orally twice daily for 4 weeks following a TPLO.	No significant differences were noted between placebo and CBD/CBDA groups at any point in Canine Brief Pain Inventory scores, degree of lameness, and degree of weight-bearing.	(58)