Table 1.

Characteristics of the included studies

Author	Published time	Area	Study design	Population classification	Age	Sample size	Compliance rate (%)	Quality score
Compernolle et al15	2021	USA	Cross-sectional	General population	65–97	342	36	7
Mardini et al24	2021	USA	Cross-sectional	Knee osteoarthritis	≥65	19	82	5
Hevel et al5	2021	USA	Cross-sectional	General population	60–98	103	92	6
Zhaoyang et al30	2022	USA	Cross-sectional	General population	70–91	317	82.75	5
Badal et al18	2022	USA	Cross-sectional	General population	68–93	22	83.9	6
Chu et al12	2020	China	Cross-sectional	General population	≥60	82	88.57	4
Liu and Lou23	2019	China	Cross-sectional	General population	60–69	37	89.2	5
Windsor et al17	2021	Australia	Cross-sectional	General population	≥84	73	88.6	4
Chui et al13	2014	Australia	Cross-sectional	General population	84–102	74	96.1	4
Martin et al19	2021	Switzerland	Cross-sectional	General population	60–91	136	94.41	4
Maes et al6	2022	Belgium	Cross-sectional	General population	65–86	64	77.7	6
Drewelies et al14	2020	Germany	Cross-sectional	General population	67–93	87	98.33	5
Kornadt et al16	2021	Germany	Cross-sectional	General population	66–90	167	92.9	5
Potts et al21	2020	UK	Cross-sectional	Dementia	61–94	28	73.2	6
Röcke et al20	2011	Germany	Cross-sectional	General population	72–92	53	89.93	5
Murphy and Kratz32	2014	USA	Cross-sectional	Knee osteoarthritis	65–90	162	98	5
Ramsey et al31	2016	USA	Cross-sectional	Emotional and cognitive difficulties	≥65	103	46	4
Matz-Costa et al28	2019	USA	Cross-sectional	General population	63–80	30	89.7	5
Noftle and Gust (a)29	2019	USA	Cross-sectional	General population	66–81	25	87.66	5
Noftle and Gust (b)29	2019	USA	Cross-sectional	General population	65–80	65	90	5
Rullier et al (a)22	2014	France	Cohort	Cognitive impairment	70	12	62.5	5
Rullier et al (b)22	2014	France	Cohort	General population	70	46	77.5	5