Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population in total and stratified by diabetes type
| N | Total study population (n=468, 100%) |
Type 1 diabetes (n=196, 41.9%) |
Type 2 diabetes (n=272, 58.1%) |
|
| Age (years) | 468 | 48.3 (36.4–56.0) | 34.9 (27.4–45.8) | 53.4 (47.5–59.5) |
| Sex | 468 | |||
| Men | 275 (58.8%) | 107 (54.6%) | 168 (61.8%) | |
| Women | 193 (41.2%) | 89 (45.4%) | 104 (38.2%) | |
| Socioeconomic status | 456 | 14.3 (12.3–16.1) | 14.1 (12.5–16.0) | 14.3 (12.2–16.1) |
| Low | 24 (5.3%) | 11 (5.9%) | 13 (4.8%) | |
| Middle | 248 (54.4%) | 100 (53.8%) | 148 (54.8%) | |
| High | 184 (40.4%) | 75 (40.3%) | 109 (40.4%) | |
| Family history of diabetes (parents, siblings) | 429 | |||
| Yes | 214 (49.9%) | 49 (26.5%) | 165 (67.6%) | |
| No | 215 (50.1%) | 136 (73.5%) | 79 (32.4%) | |
| Diabetes treatment | 456 | |||
| Untreated | 20 (4.4%) | 1 (0.5%) | 19 (7.2%) | |
| Dietary | 75 (16.4%) | 8 (4.2%) | 67 (25.4%) | |
| Pharmacological | 361 (79.2%) | 183 (95.3%) | 178 (67.4%) | |
| Energy intake (kcal/day) | 468 | 2227 (1817–2730) | 2329 (1932–2838) | 2094 (1711–2634) |
| Antihypertensive medication | 468 | |||
| Yes | 139 (29.7%) | 13 (6.6%) | 126 (46.3%) | |
| No | 329 (70.3%) | 183 (93.4%) | 146 (53.7%) | |
| Lipid-lowering medication | 468 | |||
| Yes | 48 (10.3%) | 6 (3.1%) | 42 (15.4%) | |
| No | 420 (89.7%) | 190 (96.9%) | 230 (84.6%) | |
| Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs | 468 | |||
| Yes | 63 (13.5%) | 10 (5.1%) | 53 (19.5%) | |
| No | 405 (86.5%) | 186 (94.9%) | 219 (80.5%) | |
| Body mass index (BMI) | 468 | 27.9 (24.0–32.7) | 24.1 (22.2–27.2) | 31.2 (27.4–35.7) |
| Underweight or normal weight (BMI <25 kg/m2) | 138 (29.5%) | 108 (55.1%) | 30 (11.0%) | |
| Overweight (BMI 25–<30 kg/m2) | 147 (31.4%) | 67 (34.2%) | 80 (29.4%) | |
| Obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) | 183 (39.1%) | 21 (10.7%) | 162 (59.6%) | |
| Total adipose tissue (dm3) | 165 | 22.2 (15.5–31.7) | 18.3 (13.0–25.6) | 27.7 (19.7–35.2) |
| Subcutaneous adipose tissue (dm3) | 165 | 18.4 (13.9–27.6) | 17.3 (12.0–22.9) | 23.2 (16.1–31.8) |
| Visceral adipose tissue (dm3) | 165 | 2.5 (1.1–3.9) | 1.1 (0.5–1.8) | 3.6 (2.7–4.7) |
| Hepatic fat content (%) | 258 | 2.0 (0.1–8.1) | 0.2 (0.0–1.0) | 6.2 (2.2–13.4) |
| Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) Index | 467 | 0.9 (0.6–1.2) | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) |
| Systolic blood pressure* (mm Hg) | 328 | 131.5 (121.3–142.5) | 127.3 (116.5–134.5) | 137.5 (127.0–146.5) |
| Diastolic blood pressure* (mm Hg) | 328 | 81.9 (10.3) | 78.0 (8.8) | 86.7 (10.0) |
| Triglycerides† (mg/dL) | 420 | 104.0 (73.0–154.0) | 78.5 (59.0–105.0) | 124.5 (97.0–187.0) |
| LDL cholesterol† (mg/dL) | 420 | 123.2 (34.5) | 110.1 (29.9) | 134.0 (34.4) |
| HDL cholesterol† (mg/dL) | 420 | 51.0 (42.0–63.0) | 61.0 (50.0–72.0) | 45.0 (38.0–53.0) |
| HbA1c (%) | 467 | 6.3 (5.9–6.9) | 6.4 (5.8–7.0) | 6.3 (5.9–6.8) |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 467 | 45 (41–52) | 46 (40–53) | 45 (41–51) |
| hsCRP‡ (mg/dL) | 405 | 0.16 (0.06–0.37) | 0.08 (0.05–0.19) | 0.22 (0.10–0.54) |
| AST (U/L) | 468 | 21.0 (17.0–27.0) | 19.0 (16.0–23.0) | 23.0 (19.0–29.0) |
| ALT (U/L) | 468 | 24.0 (17.5–35.5) | 19.0 (14.5–24.0) | 29.0 (21.0–42.0) |
| GGT (U/L) | 468 | 23.0 (14.0–38.0) | 14.0 (11.0–21.0) | 31.0 (21.5–46.5) |
Data are presented as means (SD) or medians (first quartile–third quartile) (depending on the (normal) distribution of the respective continuous variable in the total study population) or numbers (percentages).
*Reported only for people who were not taking antihypertensive medication.
†Reported only for people who were not taking lipid-lowering medication.
‡Reported only for people who were not taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate transaminase; GGT, gamma-glutamyltransferase; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C reactive protein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.