Table 3.
Association of the lifestyle score per one unit increase with cardiovascular markers, indicators for fatty liver disease and adipose tissue mass: results of linear regression analyses
| Independent variable | Model 1* | Model 2† | ||
| β (95% CI) | P value | β (95% CI) | P value | |
| Systolic blood pressure‡ (mm Hg) | −1.65 (−2.93; −0.37) | 0.012 | −0.59 (−2.00; 0.82) | 0.411 |
| Diastolic blood pressure‡ (mm Hg) | −1.37 (−2.27; −0.48) | 0.003 | −0.77 (−1.75; 0.21) | 0.125 |
| Triglycerides§ (mg/dL) | −16.96 (−22.41; −11.50) | <0.0001 | −11.29 (−16.80; −5.78) | <0.0001 |
| LDL cholesterol§ (mg/dL) | −4.60 (−7.20; −2.01) | <0.001 | −3.84 (−6.78; −0.90) | 0.011 |
| HDL cholesterol§ (mg/dL) | 4.30 (3.12; 5.48) | <0.0001 | 2.98 (1.79; 4.17) | <0.0001 |
| HbA1c (%) | −0.12 (−0.19; −0.05) | <0.001 | −0.13 (−0.21; −0.06) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | −1.35 (−2.11; −0.60) | <0.001 | −1.45 (−2.28; −0.62) | <0.001 |
| hsCRP¶ (mg/dL) | −0.11 (−0.15; −0.08) | <0.0001 | −0.09 (−0.12; −0.05) | <0.0001 |
| AST (U/L) | −0.32 (−1.02; 0.37) | 0.362 | −0.09 (−0.87; 0.69) | 0.822 |
| ALT (U/L) | −2.36 (−3.53; −1.20) | <0.0001 | −1.63 (−2.92; −0.34) | 0.014 |
| GGT (U/L) | −4.09 (−6.37; −1.81) | <0.001 | −2.49 (−5.12; 0.14) | 0.063 |
| Hepatic fat content (%) | −2.15 (−2.86; −1.45) | <0.0001 | −1.64 (−2.39; −0.89) | <0.0001 |
| Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) Index | 0.04 (0.00; 0.07) | 0.065 | 0.01 (−0.03; 0.05) | 0.561 |
| Total adipose tissue (dm3) | −4.08 (−5.34; −2.82) | <0.0001 | −3.42 (−4.67; −2.16) | <0.0001 |
| Subcutaneous adipose tissue (dm3) | −3.50 (−4.64; −2.36) | <0.0001 | −2.89 (−4.04; −1.73) | <0.0001 |
| Visceral adipose tissue (dm3) | −0.53 (−0.74; −0.32) | <0.0001 | −0.47 (−0.68; −0.26) | <0.0001 |
Results are presented as regression coefficient (β) for adherence to each additional lifestyle factor with 95% CI and corresponding p value.
Numbers of observations used (model 1/model 2): systolic and diastolic blood pressure: 328/289; triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol: 420/363; HbA1c: 467/405; hsCRP: 405/355; AST, ALT, GGT, FIB-4 Index: 467/404; total adipose tissue, visceral adipose tissue, subcutaneous adipose tissue: 165/146.
*Model 1: adjusted for age (years) and sex.
†Model 2: model 1, further adjusted for socioeconomic status score (continuous), diabetes type (type 1 diabetes/type 2 diabetes), diabetes treatment (untreated/dietary/pharmacological), family history of diabetes (yes/no), and energy intake (kcal/day).
‡Reported only for people who were not taking antihypertensive medication.
§Reported only for people who were not taking lipid-lowering medication.
¶Reported only for people who were not taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate transaminase; GGT, gamma-glutamyltransferase; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C reactive protein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.