Table 2.

Detrimental effects on well-being as identified through scoping review common themes

Common theme	Inadequate professional recognition	Perceived lack of choice/opportunities	Marginalisation	Favouring of local graduates	Verbal insults	Harsher sanctions
Number of reviewed reports which express theme (out of 33)	23	19	17	10	11	3
Number, percentage and citations of themed reports expressing detrimental effects on well-being	6/23 (26%)1 24 26 33 35 36	6/19 (31.5%)18 22 23 26 33 35	5/17 (29.4%)10 27 31 32 45	0/10 (0%)	1/11 (9%)47	2/3 (66.7%)1 27
Reported detrimental effects on well-being, satisfaction or mental health	Degrading, feeling like ‘second class citizen’, poor self-esteem/confidence, undervalued, pressure, stress	Trapped, demoralised, disempowered, loss of autonomy, hopeless, captive	Feeling unwelcome, struggle for acceptance, unsupported, confidence lowering, burnout, social isolation, fear	–	Deterrent to integration; negative comments produce lasting and profound (psychological) impacts	Fear of repercussions, anxiety