Table 3.

Meta-analysis results.

Moderating variable		X2 (df)	I2%	n(ES)	ES, 95% CI	p
Pooled effect size		30.76 (13)	58	14	SMD = 0.45[0.15, 0.74]	<0.05
The type of exercise	Aerobic exercise	3.02 (4)	0	5	SMD = 0.70[0.37, 1.04]	<0.001
	Mind-body exercise	14.90 (5)	66	6	SMD = 0.08[-0.21, 0.38]	0.59
	Multi-component exercise	2.20 (2)	9	3	SMD = 0.73[0.39, 1.06]	<0.001
Period/week	≤8	8.40 (3)	64	4	SMD = 0.11 [−0.25,0.47]	0.55
	8∼12	2.90 (4)	0	5	SMD = 0.73 [0.38, 1.08]	<0.001
	>12	13.48 (4)	70	5	SMD = 0.51[0.24, 0.79]	<0.001
Frequency (times/week)	Low frequency ≤ 3	11.44 (6)	48	7	SMD = 0.03[−0.37, 0.43]	0.88
	Moderate to high Frequency >5	1.59 (5)	0	6	SMD = 0.84[0.53, 1.14]	<0.001
intervention duration/min	Short duration (≤45)	13.04 (6)	54	7	SMD = 0.44[0.16, 0.73]	<0.05
	Medium duration (45∼60)	0.53 (1)	0	2	SMD = −0.29[−0.76 0.18]	0.23
	Long duration (>60)	3.10 (3)	3	4	SMD = 0.77[0.36,1.18]	<0.001
Organizational form	Group exercise	11.27 (5)	56	6	SMD = 0.51[0.21, 0.82]	<0.001
	Individual exercise	11.76 (3)	74	4	SMD = 0.17[−0.19, 0.53]	0.35
	Individual exercise with Multi-participation	3.76 (3)	20	4	SMD = 0.64[0.33, 0.95]	<0.001
Assessment tools	SRS-2	3.02 (4)	0	5	SMD = 0.70[0.37,1.04]	<0.001
	GARS-2	3.02 (3)	1	4	SMD = 0.76[0.35, 1.17]	<0.001
	Confounding indicators	17.01 (4)	76	5	SMD = 0.02[−0.56, 0.59]	0.95
Age	Preschool-age	3.07 (5)	0	6	SMD = 0.73[0.47, 0.99]	<0.001
	School-age	13.17 (4)	70	5	SMD = 0.45[0.20, 1.10]	0.17
	Adolescence and above	2.38 (2)	16	3	SMD = −0.12[−0.56, 0.33]	0.60

Erikson's Eight Stages of Development was adopted for the following age groups: preschool-age (3–6 years old), school-age (7–12 years old), and adolescence and above (>12 years old).