Table 1.
Clinical, laboratory, and imaging characteristics of the study population of patients with kidney failure stratified by sex
| Males, n = 2141 | Females, n = 1071 | p-value2 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical data | |||
| Age, years | 52 (41–65) | 55 (45–64) | 0.39 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 25.1 (23.0–27.8), n = 211 | 24.4 (21.4–28.0), n = 105 | 0.11 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 143 (128- 160), n = 203 | 138 (125–153), n = 101 | 0.22 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 87 (79–95), n = 203 | 86 (78–94), n = 105 | 0.56 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 36 (27%), n = 135 | 4 (5.6%), n = 71 | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 32 (19%), n = 172 | 14 (16%), n = 90 | 0.61 |
| Renal replacement therapy (RRT) | 92 (45%), n = 201 | 40 (38%), n = 105 | 0.20 |
| Haemodialysis | 31 (34% of RRT) | 10 (25% of RRT) | |
| Peritoneal dialysis | 44 (48% of RRT) | 28 (70% of RRT) | |
| Other (incl. Tx) | 17 (18% of RRT) | 2 (5% of RRT) | |
| Vintage, years | 1.1 (0.5–3.0), n = 41 | 1.0 (0.8–2.0), n = 19 | 0.60 |
| eGFR, ml/min/1.732 | 6.21 (5.19–8.57), n = 110 | 6.51 (4.64–8.40), n = 57 | 0.92 |
| Smoking | 10 (8.7%), n = 115 | 4 (6.2%), n = 65 | 0.77 |
| Malnutrition, SGA > 1 | 63 (32%), n = 199 | 45 (44%), n = 103 | 0.039 |
| Medications at cohort entry | |||
| ACE-inhibitors/ARBs | 124 (67%), n = 186 | 58 (65%), n = 89 | 0.89 |
| Beta-blockers | 129 (69%), n = 186 | 48 (54%), n = 89 | 0.015 |
| Ca2+ channel blockers | 123 (66%), n = 186 | 49 (55%), n = 89 | 0.084 |
| Statins | 74 (40%), n = 186 | 31 (35%), n = 89 | 0.51 |
| Biochemicals | |||
| Cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.3 (3.6–4.9), n = 213 | 4.8 (4.0–5.6), n = 104 | < 0.001 |
| HDL, mmol/L | 1.2 (1.0–1.5), n = 213 | 1.5 (1.2–1.7), n = 104 | < 0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.5 (1.1–2.0), n = 213 | 1.6 (1.2–2.2), n = 104 | 0.39 |
| Lipoprotein(a), mmol/L | 79.5 (30.5–204.3), n = 156 | 123.0 (46.3–421.8), n = 82 | 0.038 |
| Apolipoprotein-A1, g/L | 1.32 (1.14–1.52), n = 211 | 1.52 (1.36–1.71), n = 105 | < 0.001 |
| Apolipoprotein-B, g/L | 0.83 (0.66–1.00), n = 211 | 0.89 (0.72–1.07), n = 105 | 0.054 |
| Creatinine, µmol/L | 757 (622–911), n = 213 | 629 (509–740), n = 105 | < 0.001 |
| Albumin, g/L | 35.0 (31.0–38.0), n = 212 | 33.0 (30.8–36.0), n = 104 | 0.018 |
| Haemoglobin, g/L | 113.0 (103.5–120.0), n = 147 | 112.0 (101.8–120.0), n = 84 | 0.64 |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 33.0 (28.0–38.0), n = 205 | 34.0 (28.0–38.0), n = 104 | 0.85 |
| Calcium, mmol/L | 2.3 (2.2–2.4), n = 212 | 2.3 (2.2–2.4), n = 105 | 0.22 |
| Phosphate, mmol/L | 1.8 (1.5–2.2), n = 212 | 1.7 (1.5–1.9), n = 105 | 0.19 |
| 25-OH vitamin D, nmol/L | 33.0 (14.0–53.5), n = 187 | 30.0 (12.0–54.3), n = 84 | 0.59 |
| 1,25 vitamin D, pmol/L | 17.0 (12–23.5), n = 84 | 17.0 (14.3–22.8), n = 46 | 0.71 |
| hs-CRP, mg/L | 1.2 (0.6–3.6), n = 181 | 1.2 (0.5–3.5), n = 88 | 0.65 |
| TNF, pg/mL | 12.1 (9.3–16.5), n = 88 | 12.4 (10.1–16.2), n = 54 | 0.63 |
| IL-6, pg/mL | 2.3 (1.0–6.4), n = 78 | 3.4 (1.4–7.4), n = 50 | 0.42 |
| AGE, skin AF | 3.1 (2.5–3.5), n = 98 | 3.4 (2.8–4.0), n = 48 | 0.021 |
| Homocysteine, µmol/L | 36.0 (28.3–50.8), n = 110 | 29.0 (22.8–40.3), n = 44 | 0.002 |
| GDF-15, ng/mL | 4.3 (2.9–5.2), n = 118 | 4.4 (3.3–5.2), n = 62 | 0.86 |
| MMP-9, ng/mL | 381.1 (244.2–574.8), n = 116 | 363.3 (229.5–641.1), n = 62 | 0.88 |
| YKL-40, ng/mL | 108.3 (77.5–161.0), n = 117 | 119.8 (89.6–184.6), n = 60 | 0.27 |
| Imaging markers | |||
| CAC score, AU (ln + 1) | 4.16 (0.00–6.88), n = 212 | 3.86 (0.00–5.94) | 0.11 |
| AVC score, AU (ln + 1) | 0.00 (0.00–0.69), n = 209 | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.005 |
| Follow-up, 5 years | |||
| All-cause mortality | 20 (11%), n = 177 | 11 (12%), n = 92 | 0.84 |
Bold p-values signify significance
ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme, AF autofluorescence, AGE advanced glycation end-products, ARB angiotensin receptor-blockers, AVC aortic valve calcification, CAC coronary artery calcification, hsCRP high sensitivity C-reactive protein, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration, GDF-15 growth differentiation factor 15, HbA1c glycated haemoglobin, HDL high-density lipoprotein, IL-6 interleukin-6, MMP-9 matrix metalloproteinase 9, SGA subjective global assessment, TNF tumour necrosis factor, YKL-40 chitinase-3-like protein 1
1Median (IQR); n (%); 2Wilcoxon rank sum test; Fisher's exact test; Pearson's Chi-squared test