Table 2.
Sex-divided, age-adjusted, gamma regression models showing significant associations of coronary artery calcification (CAC) with comorbidities, inflammation, and oxidative stress markers in patients with kidney failure (KF)
| CAC score | Males (n = 214) | Females (n = 107) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estimate | 95% CI | p-value | Estimate | 95% CI | p-value | |
| Age† | 18.62 | 14.51–22.73 | < 0.001 | 11.27 | 6.72–15.82 | < 0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | -0.02 | − 0.41–0.37 | 0.918 | − 3.58 | − 5.70 to − 1.46 | 0.001 |
| SBP, mmHg | 0.001 | − 0.05–0.06 | 0.959 | − 0.35 | − 0.54 to − 0.15 | 0.001 |
| CVD, yes | 1143.3 | 204.6–2081.9 | 0.018 | 805.21 | − 1807.5–3418.0 | 0.548 |
| DM, yes | 1188.7 | 286.6–2090.8 | 0.011 | 874.84 | − 671.2–2420.8 | 0.270 |
| Renal replacement therapy | 0.05 | − 2.54–2.64 | 0.968 | 12.52 | 5.46–19.59 | 0.001 |
| eGFR, ml/min/1.732 | − 0.002 | − 0.51–0.51 | 0.993 | − 2.005 | − 3.37 to − 0.64 | 0.006 |
| Malnutrition, SGA > 1 | 0.01 | − 2.40 to − 2.42 | 0.995 | − 11.48 | − 17.86 to − 5.10 | 0.001 |
| ACE-inhibitors/ARBs | − 0.02 | − 2.71–2.67 | 0.988 | − 8.49 | − 14.29 to − 2.68 | 0.005 |
| Beta-blockers | − 0.00 | − 2.69–2.69 | 0.999 | 8.49 | 2.72–14.26 | 0.005 |
| Statins | − 135.18 | − 170.55 to − 99.81 | < 0.001 | 155.33 | − 170.18–480.83 | 0.352 |
| Cholesterol, mmol/L | − 13.14 | − 16.27 to − 10.00 | < 0.001 | 6.18 | 2.08–10.28 | 0.004 |
| HDL, mmol/L | 0.02 | − 2.36–2.40 | 0.988 | 55.99 | 22.54–89.43 | 0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 0.04 | − 1.91–2.00 | 0.966 | − 44.21 | − 67.61 to − 20.82 | < 0.001 |
| Lipoprotein(a), mmol/L | − 0.00 | − 0.01–0.01 | 0.999 | 0.09 | 0.02–0.16 | 0.012 |
| Apolipoprotein-A1, g/L | − 0.05 | − 4.09–4.00 | 0.982 | 156.64 | 89.13–224.14 | < 0.001 |
| Apolipoprotein-B, g/L | − 0.73 | − 8.11–6.65 | 0.847 | 19.11 | 7.05–31.18 | 0.003 |
| Creatinine, µmol/L | − 0.00 | − 0.01–0.01 | 0.999 | 0.04 | 0.02–0.06 | 0.001 |
| Albumin, g/L | 0.01 | − 0.48–0.50 | 0.962 | − 1.33 | − 2.22 to − 0.44 | 0.004 |
| Haemoglobin, g/L | 0.00 | − 0.08–0.08 | 0.994 | − 2.50 | − 3.99 to − 1.01 | 0.001 |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 0.00 | − 0.13–0.13 | 1.000 | 0.72 | 0.28–1.16 | 0.002 |
| hs-CRP, mg/L | 0.09 | − 2.32–2.50 | 0.942 | 6.24 | 1.99–10.49 | 0.005 |
| TNF, pg/mL | 0.02 | − 0.43–0.47 | 0.948 | 1.16 | 0.41–1.91 | 0.004 |
| IL-6, pg/mL | 68.39 | 0.48–136.29 | 0.052 | 3.73 | 1.13–5.62 | 0.005 |
| AGE, skin AF | 16.03 | 5.21–26.84 | 0.005 | 221.21 | 13.78–428.64 | 0.042 |
| Homocysteine, µmol/L | − 0.22 | − 0.33 to − 0.12 | < 0.001 | − 0.32 | − 0.60 to − 0.03 | 0.034 |
| GDF-15, ng/mL | 0.03 | − 1.26–1.33 | 0.960 | − 1.61 | − 2.84 to − 0.38 | 0.013 |
| MMP-9, ng/mL | − 0.00 | − 0.00–0.00 | 0.996 | 0.02 | 0.01–0.04 | 0.014 |
| YKL-40, ng/mL | 0.00 | − 0.05–0.05 | 0.979 | − 0.28 | − 0.51 to − 0.05 | 0.021 |
Each predictor was modelled separately together with age as a covariate
Bold p-values signify significance.
ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme, AF autofluorescence, AGE advanced glycation end-products, ARB angiotensin receptor-blockers, AVC aortic valve calcification, CAC coronary artery calcification, CVD cardiovascular disease, DM diabetes mellitus, hsCRP high sensitivity C-reactive protein, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration, GDF-15 growth differentiation factor 15, HbA1c glycated haemoglobin, HDL high-density lipoprotein, IL-6 interleukin-6, MMP-9 matrix metalloproteinase 9, SBP systolic blood pressure, SGA subjective global assessment, TNF tumour necrosis factor, YKL-40 chitinase-3-like protein 1
†Gamma regression (identity link) model with age alone given as a reference