Table 3.
Mixed effects model predicting the effect of level of herd mortalities to diseases on farmer wellbeing scores adjusting for other covariates
| Parameter | Estimate | 95% CI | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fixed effects | |||
| Proportion of herd mortality * | -7.94 | -14.39 – -1.50 | 0.02 |
| Satisfaction with health | 0.27 | 0.23–0.32 | < 0.001 |
| Social support received | 0.84 | 0.47–1.22 | < 0.001 |
| Perception of disease risk to herd | 0.41 | 0.01–0.80 | 0.04 |
| Age (years) | -0.10 | -0.17 – -0.02 | 0.01 |
| Farm size (acres) | 0.06 | -0.02–0.14 | 0.17 |
| Sex [ref = female] | |||
| Male | 1.50 | -0.72–3.71 | 0.19 |
| Education level [ref = no formal education] | |||
| Up to 12 years | 0.01 | -2.36–2.37 | 0.99 |
| Higher education | 2.27 | -0.53–5.07 | 0.11 |
| Wealth index [ref = poorest] | |||
| Below average | 0.08 | -2.93–3.10 | 0.96 |
| Average | 2.80 | -0.36–5.95 | 0.08 |
| Above average | 2.92 | -0.38–6.23 | 0.08 |
| Least poor | 2.92 | -0.53–6.38 | 0.09 |
| History of disease outbreak [ref = No] | |||
| Yes | -0.01 | -2.21–2.20 | 0.99 |
| Random effects | |||
| Within cluster standard deviation | 8.78 | 8.02–9.56 | … |
| Between cluster standard deviation | 2.08 | 0.00–3.44 | … |
| Marginal R 2 / Conditional R 2 | 0.47 / 0.50 | ||
* Proportion of herd mortality refers to livestock mortalities to diseases relative to herd size standardized in tropical livestock units. Estimates are the mean changes in overall wellbeing scores of ruminant livestock farmers attributable to changes in parameters, with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) and p-values. Overall wellbeing is the average of scores in all the wellbeing domains including physical, psychological, social and environmental wellbeing assessed using the WHO Quality of life – BREF tool. “ref” denotes the reference level for categorical variables in the model. Marginal and conditional R2 are the model variance explained by the fixed effect, and both fixed and random effects respectively