Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population
| Variables | Total (N = 56,616) |
GDM (n = 9,430) |
NGT (n = 47,186) |
P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal age, years | 30.9 (4.3) | 32.5 (4.4) | 30. 6 (4.2) | < 0.001 | |
| 18–25 | 4,896 (8.6) | 348 (3.7) | 4,548 (9.6) | ||
| 25–29 | 23,711 (41.9) | 3,028 (32.1) | 20,683 (43.8) | ||
| 30–34 | 19,581 (34.6) | 3,675 (39.0) | 15,906 (33.7) | ||
| 35–60 | 8,428 (14.9) | 2,379 (25.2) | 6,049 (12.8) | ||
| Education level | 0.41 | ||||
| High school or below | 7,526 (13.3) | 1,279 (13.6) | 6,247 (13.2) | ||
| College or university | 37,714 (66.6) | 6,234 (66.1) | 31,480 (66.7) | ||
| Postgraduate | 6,008 (10.6) | 988 (10.5) | 5,020 (10.6) | ||
| Unknown | 5,368 (9.5) | 929 (9.9) | 4,439 (9.4) | ||
| Pre-pregnancy weight, kg | 52.3 (6.7) | 54.0 (7.1) | 51.9 (6.5) | < 0.001 | |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 20.6 (2.6) | 21.4 (2.8) | 20.4 (2.5) | < 0.001 | |
| Underweight | 11,690 (20.6) | 1,312 (13.9) | 10,378 (22.0) | ||
| Normal weight | 39,420 (69.6) | 6,495 (68.9) | 32,925 (69.8) | ||
| Overweight | 4,967 (8.8) | 1,440 (15.3) | 3,527 (7.5) | ||
| Obese | 539 (1.0) | 183 (1.9) | 356 (0.8) | ||
| Chronic hypertension, yes | 1696 (3.0) | 1309 (2.8) | 387 (4.1) | < 0.001 | |
| Hospitalization, yes | 4531 (8.0) | 3522 (7.5) | 1009 (10.7) | < 0.001 | |
| Number of antenatal visits | 10.2 (2.5) | 10.5 (2.5) | 10.1 (2.5) | < 0.001 | |
| Multiparous, yes | 26,842 (47.4) | 5,270 (55.9) | 21,572 (45.7) | < 0.001 | |
| Fetal Sex, female | 26,807 (47.3) | 4,453 (47.2) | 22,354 (47.4) | 0.80 | |
| Weeks of OGTT | 25.0 (1.3) | 25.1 (1.3) | 25.0 (1.3) | 0.45 | |
| Weeks of delivery | 39.3 (1.2) | 39.0 (1.2) | 39.3 (1.2) | < 0.001 | |
| Total GWG, kg | 13.7 (5.1) | 12.1 (5.2) | 14.0 (5.0) | < 0.001 |
Abbreviations: GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; NGT, normal glucose tolerance; GWG, gestational weight gain