Table 3.
Bivariable logistic regression analysis of factors associated with ART adherence among stable people living with HIV (n = 4101)
| Variables | Adherent (n = 3547) | Non-adherent (n = 554) | OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female | 2071 (50.5) | 331 (8.1) | 0.95 (0.79, 1.13) | |
| Age group (years) | ||||
| 15–29 | 76 (1.9) | 304 (7.4) | 1 | |
| 30–39 | 89 (2.2) | 404 (9.9) | 1.13 (0.81, 1.60) | |
| 40–49 | 198 (4.8) | 1386 (33.8) | 1.75 (1.31, 2.34) *** | |
| 50–59 | 150 (3.7) | 1090 (26.6) | 1.82 (1.34, 2.46)*** | |
| 60–82 | 41 (1.0) | 363 (8.9) | 2.21 (3.11, 5.14)*** | |
| Marital status | ||||
| Never married | 81 (2.0) | 348 (8.5) | 1 | |
| Married | 298 (7.3) | 2123 (51.8) | 1.66 (1.27, 2.17)*** | |
| Divorced/widowed/other | 175 (4.3) | 1076 (26.2) | 1.43 (1.07, 1.91)* | |
| Education level | ||||
| No formal education (0 years) | 96 (2.3) | 631 (15.4) | 1 | |
| Primary school (1–6 years) | 260 (6.3) | 1720 (41.9) | 1.00 (0.78, 1.29) | |
| Junior high (7–9 years) | 113 (2.8) | 735 (17.9) | 0.99 (0.74, 1.33) | |
| High school (10–12 years) | 55 (1.3) | 331 (8.1) | 0.92 (0.64, 1.31) | |
| Degree and above (≥ 13 years) | 30 (0.7) | 130 (3.2) | 0.66 (0.42, 1.04) | |
| Occupation | ||||
| Unemployed | 101 (2.5) | 668 (16.3) | 1 | |
| Farmer/fisherman | 133 (3.2) | 941 (22.9) | 1.07 (0.81, 1.41) | |
| Self-employed business | 109 (2.7) | 661 (16.1) | 0.92 (0.69, 1.23) | |
| Government staff/uniformed officer | 24 (0.6) | 147 (3.6) | 0.93 (0.57, 1.50) | |
| Private employee/NGO staff | 53 (1.3) | 278 (6.8) | 0.79 (0.55, 1.14) | |
| Construction worker | 86 (2.1) | 531 (12.9) | 0.93 (0.69, 1.27) | |
| Motor/taxi driver/others | 48 (1.2) | 321 (7.8) | 1.01 (0.70, 1.46) | |
| Monthly income (USD) | ||||
| 0–100 | 247 (6.0) | 1727 (42.1) | 1 | |
| 101–200 | 173 (4.2) | 1116 (27.2) | 0.92 (0.75, 1.14) | |
| 201–300 | 56 (1.4) | 410 (10.0) | 1.05 (0.77, 1.43) | |
| > 300 | 78 (1.9) | 294 (7.2) | 0.54 (0.41, 0.72)*** | |
| ART duration (years) | ||||
| 1–5 | 120 (2.9) | 603 (14.7) | 1 | |
| 6–10 | 106 (2.6) | 746 (18.2) | 1.40 (1.06, 1.86)* | |
| > 10 | 328 (8.0) | 2198 (53.6) | 1.33 (1.06, 1.67)* | |
| Mode of transport to access ART clinic | ||||
| Bicycle | 19 (0.5) | 102 (2.5) | 0.75 (0.36, 1.55) | |
| Tuk-tuk | 51 (1.2) | 214 (5.2) | 0.58 (0.31, 1.08) | |
| Motorcycle | 399 (9.7) | 2703 (65.9) | 0.94 (0.54, 1.63) | |
| Car | 70 (1.7) | 420 (10.2) | 0.83 (0.46, 1.51) | |
| On foot/ boat/ship/other | 15 (0.4) | 108 (2.6) | 1 | |
| Patient satisfaction with healthcare services | ||||
| Very dissatisfied/dissatisfied | 15 (0.4) | 46 (1.1) | 1 | |
| Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied | 29 (0.7) | 153 (3.7) | 0.65 (0.51, 0.84) | |
| Very satisfied/satisfied | 510 (12.4) | 3348 (81.6) | 0.37 (0.12, 1.18) | |
| Relationship with healthcare providers | ||||
| Good | 466 (11.4) | 3164 (77.2) | 1 | |
| Fair | 84 (2.0) | 373 (9.1) | 0.65 (0.51, 0.84)** | |
| Bad | 4 (0.1) | 10 (0.2) | 0.37 (0.12, 1.18) | |
| Having diabetes mellitus | 3288 (80.2) | 493 (12.0) | 1.57 (1.17, 2.11)** | |
| Having hypertension | 2954 (72.0) | 455 (11.1) | 1.08 (0.86, 1.37) | |
| Having elevated cholesterol | 3330 (81.2) | 499 (12.2) | 1.69 (1.24, 2.31)** | |
| Travel time to ART clinic (≥ 1 h) | 1762 (43.0) | 288 (7.0) | 0.91 (0.76, 1.09) | |
| Waiting time at the ART clinic (≥ 2 h) | 1744 (45.0) | 270 (6.6) | 1.02 (5.60, 7.19) | |
| Strong self-efficacy in health responsibility to maintain life | 2603 (63.5) | 320 (7.8) | 2.02 (1.68, 2.42)*** | |
| Strong self-efficacy in physical activities | 2062 (50.3) | 300 (7.3) | 1.18 (0.98, 1.41) | |
| Strong self-efficacy in nutrition | 2552 (62.2) | 368 (9.0) | 1.30 (1.07, 1.57)*** | |
| Strong self-efficacy in spiritual growth | 2598 (63.4) | 374 (9.1) | 1.32 (1.09, 1.60)*** | |
| Strong self-efficacy in stress management | 2796 (68.2) | 384 (9.4) | 1.65 (1.35, 2.01)*** | |
| Strong overall self-efficacy | 1269 (30.9) | 161 (3.9) | 1.36 (1.12, 1.65)*** | |
| No depressive symptoms | 2914 (71.1) | 387 (9.4) | 1.99 (1.63, 2.43)*** | |
| Perceived social support | ||||
| Low | 7 (0.2) | 15 (0.4) | 1 | |
| Moderate | 52 (1.3) | 236 (5.8) | 2.12 (0.82, 5.45) | |
| High | 495 (12.1) | 3296 (80.4) | 3.11 (1.26, 7.66)* | |
| Total AIDS-related stigma and discrimination score ≤ 2 | 3345 (81.6) | 477 (11.6) | 2.67 (2.02, 3.54)*** | |
| Total score of internal AIDS-related stigma ≤ 4 | 2406 (58.7) | 318 (7.8) | 1.56 (1.30, 1.88)*** | |
| Total fear of AIDS-related stigma and discrimination score ≤ 1 | 3128 (76.3) | 440 (10.7) | 1.93 (1.54, 2.43)*** | |
| Total quality of life score (physical component summary) ≥ 50 | 2264 (55.2) | 300 (7.3) | 1.49 (1.25, 1.79)*** | |
| Total quality of life score (mental component summary) ≥ 42 | 2894 (70.6) | 377 (9.2) | 2.08 (1.71, 2.54)*** | |
ART, antiretroviral therapy; CI, confidence interval, HIV, human immunodeficiency virus, NGO, non-governmental organization; OR, odd ratio; USD, United States dollar.
*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.