Table 1.
Baseline characteristics in the case and the control groups
| Parameter | Level | Total | Groups | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case (n = 49) | Control (n = 52) | ||||
| Age (yrs) | Mean ± SD | 64 ± 10 | 65 ± 9 | 64 ± 10 | 0.290† |
| Median (range) | 63 (45 to 95) | 64 (45 to 87) | 63 (45 to 95) | ||
| Sex | Male | 49 (48.5%) | 23 (46.9%) | 26 (50.0%) | 0.758* |
| Female | 52 (51.5%) | 26 (53.1%) | 26 (50.0%) | ||
| Pre SE (D) | Mean ± SD | -0.81 ± 6.9 | -2.06 ± 3.2 | 0.35 ± 9 | 0.22† |
| Median (range) | -1.5 (-11 to 43.5) | -1.75 (-11 to 2.75) | -1.31 (-4.5 to 43.5) | ||
| Duration of Diabetes (month) | Mean ± SD | 102 ± 83 | 93 ± 80 | 110 ± 86 | 0.289‡ |
| Median (range) | 84 (1 to 324) | 60 (1 to 276) | 96 (1 to 324) | ||
| Medications Diabetes | Oral Medication | 66 (64.8%) | 28 (68.3%) | 27 (0.0%) | 0.197** |
| Insulin Therapy | 18 (17.6%) | 8 (19.5%) | 4 (8.3%) | ||
| Diet | 18 (17.6%) | 5 (12.2%) | 13 (27.1%) | ||
| Stages of DR | NO Sign | 66 (64.7%) | 36 (73.5%) | 30 (56.6%) | 0.09** |
| Mild NPDR | 21 (20.6%) | 10 (20.4%) | 11 (20.8%) | ||
| Moderate NPDR | 6 (5.9%) | 1 (2.0%) | 5 (9.4%) | ||
| Severe NPDR | 9 (8.8%) | 2 (4.1%) | 7 (13.2%) | ||
| FBS (mg/dl) | Mean ± SD | 114 ± 8 | 113 ± 10 | 115 ± 7 | 0.362‡ |
| Median (range) | 118. (71 to 124) | 118 (71 to 124) | 118 (98 to 124) | ||
| HbA1C (mmol/mol) | Mean ± SD | 6.51 ± 0.4 | 6. 61 ± 0.42 | 6.41 ± 0.46 | 0.733‡ |
| Median (range) | 6.5 (5.3 to 7) | 6.8 (6.00 to 7) | 6.4 (5.3 to 7) | ||
| Cr (mg/dl) | Mean ± SD | 1.44 ± 3.3 | 1.05 ± 0.18 | 1.86 ± 4.73 | 0.576‡ |
| Median (range) | 1 (0.1 to 29) | 1 (0.8 to 1.6) | 1.05 (0.1 to 29) | ||
| Urea (mg/dl) | Mean ± SD | 35.6 ± 12.9 | 34 ± 10 | 37.2 ± 15.3 | 0.522‡ |
| Median (range) | 33 (1.9 to 80) | 33 (19 to 61) | 35 (1.9 to 80) | ||
SE, spherical equivalent; Cr, creatinine; FBS, fast blood sugar; HbA1C, hemoglobin A1C; NPDR, non- proliferative diabetic retinopathy; DR, diabetic retinopathy; P, probability; SD, standard deviation; w, week; D, diopter; yrs, years
† Based on t-test
‡ Based on Mann-Whitney test
* Based on Chi-Square tesst
** Based on Fisher exact test