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. 2023 Jul 14;23:320. doi: 10.1186/s12886-023-03077-y

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics in the case and the control groups

Parameter Level Total Groups P
Case (n = 49) Control (n = 52)
Age (yrs) Mean ± SD 64 ± 10 65 ± 9 64 ± 10 0.290†
Median (range) 63 (45 to 95) 64 (45 to 87) 63 (45 to 95)
Sex Male 49 (48.5%) 23 (46.9%) 26 (50.0%) 0.758*
Female 52 (51.5%) 26 (53.1%) 26 (50.0%)
Pre SE (D) Mean ± SD -0.81 ± 6.9 -2.06 ± 3.2 0.35 ± 9 0.22†
Median (range) -1.5 (-11 to 43.5) -1.75 (-11 to 2.75) -1.31 (-4.5 to 43.5)
Duration of Diabetes (month) Mean ± SD 102 ± 83 93 ± 80 110 ± 86 0.289‡
Median (range) 84 (1 to 324) 60 (1 to 276) 96 (1 to 324)
Medications Diabetes Oral Medication 66 (64.8%) 28 (68.3%) 27 (0.0%) 0.197**
Insulin Therapy 18 (17.6%) 8 (19.5%) 4 (8.3%)
Diet 18 (17.6%) 5 (12.2%) 13 (27.1%)
Stages of DR NO Sign 66 (64.7%) 36 (73.5%) 30 (56.6%) 0.09**
Mild NPDR 21 (20.6%) 10 (20.4%) 11 (20.8%)
Moderate NPDR 6 (5.9%) 1 (2.0%) 5 (9.4%)
Severe NPDR 9 (8.8%) 2 (4.1%) 7 (13.2%)
FBS (mg/dl) Mean ± SD 114 ± 8 113 ± 10 115 ± 7 0.362‡
Median (range) 118. (71 to 124) 118 (71 to 124) 118 (98 to 124)
HbA1C (mmol/mol) Mean ± SD 6.51 ± 0.4 6. 61 ± 0.42 6.41 ± 0.46 0.733‡
Median (range) 6.5 (5.3 to 7) 6.8 (6.00 to 7) 6.4 (5.3 to 7)
Cr (mg/dl) Mean ± SD 1.44 ± 3.3 1.05 ± 0.18 1.86 ± 4.73 0.576‡
Median (range) 1 (0.1 to 29) 1 (0.8 to 1.6) 1.05 (0.1 to 29)
Urea (mg/dl) Mean ± SD 35.6 ± 12.9 34 ± 10 37.2 ± 15.3 0.522‡
Median (range) 33 (1.9 to 80) 33 (19 to 61) 35 (1.9 to 80)

SE, spherical equivalent; Cr, creatinine; FBS, fast blood sugar; HbA1C, hemoglobin A1C; NPDR, non- proliferative diabetic retinopathy; DR, diabetic retinopathy; P, probability; SD, standard deviation; w, week; D, diopter; yrs, years

† Based on t-test

‡ Based on Mann-Whitney test

* Based on Chi-Square tesst

** Based on Fisher exact test