Table 1.
Fluorescence probe for imaging HClO as an RA biomarker
| Sensor | λem (nm) | Signal type | Targeted site | Response time | LOD | Biological applications | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Probe-2 | 575 | Turn-on | – | 4 s | 17.3 nmol/L | Exogenous HClO imaging in cells, endotoxin-induced inflammation in adult zebrafish and RA in mice with an antiarthritic drug (MTX) | [55] |
| RESClO | 590 | Turn-on | – | 10 s | 16.8 nmol/L | Exogenous HClO imaging in cells, zebrafish and mice arthritis models | [56] |
| REClO-n | 590 | Turn-on | – | 50 s | 12 nmol/L | HClO-mediated arthritis and solid tumour mouse models | [57] |
| HQ | 550 | Turn-off | – | 25 s | 6.5 nmol/L | Exogenous and endogenous HOCl imaging in cell, zebrafish and RA mouse models with and without MTX treatment | [58] |
| PPS | 580 | Turn-on | Mitochondria | 100 s | 24 nmol/L | Endogenous HClO imaging in mitochondria and a λ-carrageenan induced RA mouse model; mitochondria colocalization experiments | [60] |
| K-probe 1 | 510/660 | Ratiometric | – | 0.5 s | 0.12 µmol/L | HClO imaging in living cells and an arthritis nude mouse model | [62] |
| L-probe 2 | 500/650 | Ratiometric | – | 2 min | 49.1 nmol/L | Exogenous and endogenous HClO imaging in living cells and λ-carrageenan/LPS- induced arthritis models | [63] |
| BC-3 | 669 | Turn-on | – | 50 s | 11.1 nmol/L | Exogenous HClO imaging in living cells in a rheumatoid arthritis mouse model | [66] |
| NFL-S | 732 | Turn-on | – | 30 s | 35 nmol/L | Endogenous HClO imaging in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells and in an LPS-stimulated arthritis mouse model | [67] |
| Lyso-TP-HClO | 655 | Turn-on | Lysosome | 2 min | 30 nmol/L | HClO imaging in RAW 264.7 cells and a λ-carrageenan-induced arthritis model with and without MTX treatment; lysosome-targetable colocalization experiments | [69] |
| PTA | 936/1237 | Turn-on | Lysosome | 30 s | 55 nmol/L | Exogenous and endogenous HClO imaging in living cells and an inflammatory RA model; lysosome colocalization | [72] |
| UCNPs-Cy787@PC | 540 | Turn-on | – | – | 3.6 nmol/L | HClO imaging in an arthritis mouse model | [75] |
| Eu(L)3(DPBT) | 607 | Turn-off | Mitochondria | 5 s | 14.7 nmol/L | Monitoring of HClO levels in mimicked inflammatory cells, endotoxin-induced liver injury, rheumatoid arthritis in live mice and mouse wounds; mitochondria colocalization experiments | [76] |
| DCNP@SeTT@PEG | 1150/1550 | Ratiometric | – | 2 min | 0.4 µmol/L | Visualizing and imaging HClO in arthritis, peritoneal cavity inflammation, tumours in mice, and osteoarthritis in rabbits | [77] |
| Er-CSSNPs@Cy925 | 925/1550 | Ratiometric | – | 6 min | – | Imaging HClO in the formation of inflammation in mice hind limbs | [78] |
| DPPTz NPs/DPPQu NPs/DPPWu NPs | 550 | Turn-on | – | 12 h | – | Visualizing and imaging HClO in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and a λ-carrageenan-induced arthritis mouse model | [81] |
HClO hypochlorous acid, RA rheumatoid arthritis, LPS lipopolysaccharide, LOD limit of detection, MTX methotrexate