Table 1.
Clinical characteristics for all patients stratified by kidney disease.
| Characteristics | Overall (N = 49,194) | Patient groups |
p Value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No known kidney disease (N = 35,205) | AKI without CKD (N = 2870) | CKD without AKI (N = 9465) | AKI with CKD (N = 1419) | ESKD (N = 235) | |||
| Demographic | |||||||
| Age, mean (SD), years | 62.59 (11.29) | 60.75 (11.03) | 61.27 (9.68) | 68.65 (10.28) | 70.00 (10.22) | 65.07 (10.55) | <.001 |
| Female, no. (%) | 14,591 (29.7) | 10,072 (28.6) | 1178 (41.0) | 2789 (29.5) | 477 (33.6) | 75 (31.9) | <.001 |
| Insurance type, no. (%) | <.001 | ||||||
| Urban insurance | 36,919 (75.2) | 26,499 (75.5) | 1960 (68.4) | 7182 (76.0) | 1087 (76.7) | 191 (81.3) | |
| Rural insurance | 5499 (11.2) | 3947 (11.2) | 495 (17.3) | 916 (9.7) | 128 (9.0) | 13 (5.5) | |
| Self-paying | 6650 (13.6) | 4655 (13.3) | 410 (14.3) | 1352 (14.3) | 202 (14.3) | 31 (13.2) | |
| Medical history | |||||||
| AMI, no. (%) | 11,332 (23.2) | 8166 (23.3) | 513 (18.3) | 2148 (22.8) | 452 (32.1) | 53 (22.6) | <.001 |
| HT, no. (%) | 25,038 (51.2) | 16,741 (47.8) | 886 (31.6) | 6324 (67.2) | 885 (62.9) | 202 (86.0) | <.001 |
| DM, no. (%) | 15,547 (31.6) | 10,123 (28.8) | 715 (24.9) | 3929 (41.5) | 650 (45.8) | 130 (55.3) | <.001 |
| AF, no. (%) | 4425 (9.1) | 2479 (7.1) | 588 (21.0) | 1124 (11.9) | 219 (15.6) | 15 (6.4) | <.001 |
| CHF, no. (%) | 9467 (19.4) | 5312 (15.2) | 777 (27.7) | 2598 (27.6) | 678 (48.2) | 102 (43.4) | <.001 |
| Stroke, no. (%) | 3169 (6.5) | 1933 (5.5) | 181 (6.5) | 882 (9.4) | 157 (11.2) | 16 (6.8) | <.001 |
| Cancer, no. (%) | 810 (1.7) | 549 (1.6) | 33 (1.2) | 204 (2.2) | 21 (1.5) | 3 (1.3) | <.001 |
| COPD, no. (%) | 1859 (3.8) | 1267 (3.6) | 67 (2.4) | 447 (4.7) | 73 (5.2) | 5 (2.1) | <.001 |
| PCI, no. (%) | 27,771 (56.5) | 20,124 (57.2) | 858 (29.9) | 5807 (61.4) | 826 (58.2) | 156 (66.4) | <.001 |
| Laboratory test | |||||||
| SCr, mean (SD), % | 1.05 (0.55) | 0.88 (0.18) | 0.85 (0.20) | 1.54 (0.50) | 1.63 (0.61) | 6.04 (2.30) | <.001 |
| eGFR, mean (SD), mL/min/1.73 m2 | 81.25 (26.85) | 91.14 (20.42) | 92.13 (26.26) | 48.19 (12.12) | 46.13 (15.91) | 10.39 (3.22) | <.001 |
| HGB, mean (SD), g/L | 133.41 (17.96) | 135.88 (16.34) | 132.90 (17.91) | 127.04 (19.87) | 121.72 (21.00) | 97.57 (19.98) | <.001 |
| LDLC, mean (SD), mmol/L | 2.92 (1.04) | 2.95 (1.04) | 2.97 (1.00) | 2.79 (1.01) | 2.91 (1.05) | 2.58 (0.96) | <.001 |
| HDLC, mean (SD), mmol/L | 1.07 (0.32) | 1.09 (0.32) | 1.11 (0.32) | 1.02 (0.30) | 1.03 (0.31) | 0.98 (0.31) | <.001 |
| LVEF, mean (SD), % | 57.92 (12.47) | 59.12 (11.87) | 57.30 (11.03) | 55.05 (13.81) | 51.13 (13.78) | 54.35 (12.68) | <.001 |
| ProBNP, mean (SD), pg/mL | 413.10 [93.50, 1610.75] | 255.60 [70.00, 1047.00] | 860.05 [284.00, 2115.00] | 1089.00 [256.20, 3506.00] | 3115.00 [1069.50, 7813.48] | 9546.00 [2384.50, 25690.00] | <.001 |
| CMV, mean (SD), mL | 115.36 (110.61) | 115.31 (106.87) | 90.35 (76.19) | 122.70 (133.24) | 117.38 (87.99) | 115.22 (73.04) | <.001 |
| Medication | |||||||
| ACEI, no. (%) | 18,020 (38.8) | 13,521 (40.6) | 669 (25.3) | 3461 (38.3) | 341 (27.6) | 28 (13.0) | <.001 |
| ARB, no. (%) | 11,241 (24.2) | 7787 (23.4) | 382 (14.4) | 2743 (30.4) | 300 (24.3) | 29 (13.5) | <.001 |
| Beta-blockers, no. (%) | 33,376 (71.9) | 24,185 (72.7) | 1398 (52.8) | 6764 (74.9) | 850 (68.9) | 179 (83.3) | <.001 |
| Statins, no. (%) | 37,797 (81.4) | 27,975 (84.0) | 1026 (38.7) | 7718 (85.5) | 905 (73.3) | 173 (80.5) | <.001 |
| Follow-up durations | 5.04 (3.47) | 5.37 (3.38) | 6.76 (3.57) | 5.44 (3.60) | 4.94 (3.94) | 3.72 (3.35) | |
AKI: acute kidney injury; CKD: chronic kidney disease; ESKD: end-stage kidney disease; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; HT: hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; AF: atrial fibrillation; CHF: congestive heart failure; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; SCr: serum creatinine; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; HGB: hemoglobin; LDLC: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDLC: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; ProBNP: pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; CMV: contrast medium volume; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker.