Table 3.
Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis for Factors Associated with Depression Symptoms Among Older Adults
| Factors | Univariate Analysis | Multivariate Analysis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ORa | 95% CI | p-value | ORadjb | 95% CI | p-value | |
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 1.00 | Reference | ||||
| Female | 1.13 | (0.52–2.47) | 0.753 | |||
| Age (years) | ||||||
| < 70 (range 60–69 years old) | 1.00 | Reference | ||||
| ≥ 70 | 0.96 | (0.36–2.60) | 0.938 | |||
| Marital status | ||||||
| Single | 1.00 | Reference | ||||
| Married | 3.07 | (0.67–14.05) | 0.148 | |||
| Divorced/separated/widowed | 3.00 | (0.54–16.6) | 0.208 | |||
| Highest level of education | ||||||
| No education/Primary school | 2.77 | (0.94–8.18) | 0.065 | |||
| High school/Vocational certificate | 1.45 | (0.60–3.50) | 0.408 | |||
| Bachelor’s degree or higher | 1.00 | Reference | ||||
| Current occupation | ||||||
| Retired | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | ||
| Worker | 0.90 | (0.34–2.39) | 0.832 | 0.76 | (0.28–2.10) | 0.596 |
| Non-worker | 4.39 | (1.62–11.87) | 0.004 | 3.54 | (1.25–10.02) | 0.018 |
| Monthly income (baht) | ||||||
| ≤ 15,000 | 2.09 | (0.95–4.61) | 0.067 | |||
| > 15,001 | 1.00 | Reference | ||||
| Sufficient income | ||||||
| Sufficient | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | ||
| Insufficient | 2.24 | (1.01–4.98) | 0.047 | 1.89 | (0.79–4.51) | 0.152 |
| Housing | ||||||
| Living with family | 1.00 | Reference | ||||
| Living alone | 0.48 | (0.11–2.24) | 0.353 | |||
| Underlying disease | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | Reference | ||||
| Yes | 1.92 | (0.73–5.03) | 0.188 | |||
| Alcohol and smoking (over 10 years period) | ||||||
| Alcohol | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | Reference | ||||
| Yes | 1.88 | (0.81–4.38) | 0.143 | |||
| Smoking | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | Reference | ||||
| Yes | 1.18 | (0.31–4.56) | 0.811 | |||
| History of COVID-2019 infection | ||||||
| Participant | ||||||
| History of COVID-19 infection | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | Reference | ||||
| Yes | - | - | NA | |||
| History of being quarantined | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | Reference | ||||
| Yes | - | - | NA | |||
| Received compulsory COVID-19 vaccination | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | Reference | ||||
| Yes | 0.43 | (0.12–1.53) | 0.194 | |||
| Community of participant | ||||||
| History of COVID-19 infection | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | Reference | ||||
| Yes | 0.78 | (0.35–1.71) | 0.534 | |||
| History of being quarantined | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | Reference | ||||
| Yes | 1.51 | (0.66–3.46) | 0.335 | |||
Notes: Variable was included in multivariate model due to have p-value < 0.100 in univariate analysis. aCrude Odds Ratio estimated by Binary Logistic regression. bAdjusted Odds Ratio estimated by Multiple Logistic regression.
Abbreviations: OR, crude odds ratio; ORadj, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confident interval; NA, data not applicable.