Table 2.
Evidence for HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Implementation among Latinx SMM
| Citation | Design | Sample | Social Ecological Level(s) | Variables Investigated |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barreras, Linnemayr, MacCarthy, 2019 | Qualitative | Gay and Bisexual Latinx SMM and Latina transgender women in California; 52 Latinx SMM and 39 transgender women | Individual Interpersonal Structural | Explore knowledge gaps and culturally sensitive messaging about PrEP among HIV-negative Latinx men who have sex with men (LSMM) and Latina transgender women (LTGW) |
| Bauermeister, Meanley, Pingel, Soler, & Harper, 2013 | Cross-Sectional | Single young SMM, ages 18–24, in the United States; 1,507 young SMM | Individual | Examine PrEP awareness and perceived barriers among single young SMM |
| Braksmajer, Fedor, Chen, Corales, Holt, Valenti, & McMahon, 2018 | Cross-Sectional | Gay and Bisexual Latinx and Black SMM in New York; 385 Black and Latinx SMM | Individual | Explore the moderating effect of race/ethnicity on trust in one’s primary care provider (PCP) on PrEP willingness |
| Brooks, Landrian, Nieto, & Fehrenbacher, 2019 | Qualitative | Adult Gay/Bisexual Latinx SMM in California; ages 21–49 | Individual Interpersonal Structural | Examine experiences of perceived and enacted PrEP-related stigma |
| Brooks, Nieto, Landrian, & Donohoe, 2019 | Qualitative | Adult Gay/Bisexual Latinx SMM in California; ages 21–49 | Individual Interpersonal | Explore the experiences of using PrEP among Latinx SMM |
| Copeland, Wilson, Betancourt, Garcia, Penner, Abravanel, Wong, & Parisi, 2017 | Cross-Sectional | US-based employees, contractors, and volunteers working in AIDS service organizations, state/local health departments, and other community-based organizations in a non-medical capacity | Community | Measure knowledge of HIV science and treatment within the HIV non-medical workforce, evaluate workers’ familiarity with and attitudes toward PrEP, and identify factors that may affect HIV knowledge and attitudes |
| Garcia & Harris, 2017 | Cross-Sectional | Gay and bisexual men in San Antonio, Texas; ages 21–30; 159 self-administered Latinx SMM | Individual Structural | Develop an instrument that measured Latinx attitudes and beliefs toward PrEP, identify associations between demographic factors, and PrEP related factors and to suggest culturally appropriate strategies for the promotion of PrEP among the Latinx SMM population. |
| Garcia & Saw, 2019 | Cross-Sectional | Gay and bisexual Latinx men from San Antonio, Texas, 154 Latinx SMM | Individual Structural | Implications of socioeconomic status associated with awareness, access, and usage of PrEP |
| Huang, Zhu, Smith, Harris, & Hoover, 2018 | IQVIA Longitudinal | 2014–2016 data of the number of persons prescribed PrEP in the United States | Structural | Estimate the number of persons prescribed PrEP (users) in the United States and to describe their demographic characteristics, including sex and race/ethnicity |
| Kubicek, Arauz-Cuadra, & Kipke, 2015 | Qualitative | 6 focus groups were convened with 53 young SMM (23 Latinx and 30 African American) | Individual | Determine awareness and perceptions of PrEP |
| Lelutiu-Weinberger & Golub, 2016 | Cross-Sectional | Black and Latinx SMM in New York; 491 Black and Latinx SMM | Individual Community Structural | Evaluate barriers and facilitators to PrEP at the systems-, provider-, and individual-levels |
| Lopez, Cocohoba, Cohen, Trainor, Levy, & Dong, 2019 | Quantitative | Community pharmacy in San Francisco’s Mission District, an urban, historically Latinx neighborhood | Community | Initiate PrEP and prevent HIV acquisition and increase uptake in the Latinx community |
| Mansergh, Herbst, Holman, & Mimiaga, 2019 | Cross-Sectional | 484 self-identified Latinx SMM in various U.S. cities | Individual | Determine the association of PrEP awareness and self-determined preference for Spanish instead of English language to complete a study on prevention messaging among Latinx SMM in three U.S. cities |
| Mansergh, Herbst, Mimiaga, & Holman, 2015 | Cross-Sectional | HIV-uninfected (self-reported) Black and Latinx men who reported having sex with a man in the past year in Chicago, Fort Lauderdale, and Kansas City; 296 Black and 309 Latinx SMM | Individual | Behavioral intentions to use condoms, PrEP, or both methods |
| Marks, Merchant, Clark, Liu, Rosenberger, Bauermeister, & Mayer, 2017 | Cross-Sectional | HIV-uninfected 18- to 24-year-old young SMM; 2297 | Structural | Determine healthcare access, previous use of PrEP and sexual behavior among various SMM populations |
| Martinez et al., 2016 | Qualitative | 20 couples (n = 40) in two cohorts; a large number of participants were from Mexico, self-identified as gay, and were predominantly Spanish-speaking | Individual Interpersonal Community Structural | Insights into how to adapt and integrate social, cultural, and biomedical approaches in couples-based HIV behavioral prevention for Latinx SMM |
| Mimiaga et al., 2016 | Qualitative | 48 Black and Latinx mixed HIV serostatus SMM from Chicago, Ft. Lauderdale, and Kansas City | Individual | Explore audience reactions and receptivity to message concepts on PrEP as part of the development of prevention messages to promote PrEP awareness among Latinx and Black SMM |
| Mustanski, Ryan, Hayford, Phillips, Newcomb, & Smith, 2018 | Cross-Sectional | HIV-uninfected 18- to 24-year-old young SMM and transgender women; 620 | Structural | Examine the prevalence and types of PrEP stigma and injunctive norm beliefs among young SMM |
| Raymond, Snowden, Guigayoma, McFarland, & Chen, 2019 | Cross-Sectional | HIV-uninfected men in San Francisco; 399 | Individual | Evaluate demographics, adherence, health care, and risk behaviors |
| Schnarrs et al., 2018 | Mixed-Method | 104 Gay and bisexual men; 49% self-identified as White, 41% Latinx, and 10% African American living in metropolitan regions of the coastal U.S. | Interpersonal Community Structural | Assess perceived social norms related to PrEP use |
| Shover et al., 2018 | Cross-Sectional | 19, 587 SMM and transgender people visiting a Los Angeles community clinic | Individual | Characterize uptake of HIV PrEP in a community setting and to identify disparities in PrEP use by demographic and behavioral factors associated with increased HIV risk |
| Siegler, Bratcher, Weiss, Mouhanna, Ahlschlager, & Sullivan, 2018 | Quantitative | Data regarding 2094 PrEP-providing clinics | Community Structural | Explores the distribution of publicly listed PrEP providing clinics in the United States |
| Zucker et al., 2018 | Quantitative | Medical records were reviewed at a large urban academic medical center that serves a large Latinx community | Community | Evaluated missed opportunities for HIV screening and linkage to PrEP from 2006 through 2017 at an urban academic medical center serving a predominantly minority community |