Fig. 3.

Characteristics of the immune microenvironment in CWs. Dysregulation of M1/M2 in CWs. M1 macrophage infiltration increased and secreted a variety of proinflammatory cytokines into the wound, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and ROS. Persistent high levels of neutrophils lead to increased protease secretion, ECM, and cell membrane damage. The expression of effector produced by anti-inflammatory T cell subsets such as (γδ) T cells and Tregs decreased. NK cells promote the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, and GM-CSF.