Table.
Nanosystem-based strategies for immunomodulation in CWs.
| Mechanisms | Strategies | Example | Details |
|---|---|---|---|
| Induction of M2 macrophage polarization | Reprogram macrophage phenotype | Bioactive glass (BG) [145] | BG directly induces macrophages toward M2 polarization |
| Delivery of therapeutic gas | NO@HKUST-1 [120] | Nitric oxide (NO) induces macrophages from M1 to M2 via activation of NO/vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein signaling | |
| Delivery of EVs | G-sEVsDM [7] | DM released from the G-sEVsDM drives macrophage phenotype switch from M1 to M2 | |
| Delivery of stem cells | Fibrous scaffolds encapsulated with adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) [146] | The released AD-MSCs drive macrophages toward M2 polarization | |
| Delivery of cytokines | BCL@MMSNPs-SS-CD-NW [147] | Baicalein (BCL) targets macrophages and induce M2 polarization | |
| Gene therapy | AMPC@siTNF-α [148] | The small interfering RNA released from NPs suppress M1 polarization and induce M2 polarization | |
| Anti-inflammation | Self-activity of NPs | Multifunctional bioactive glass-ceramic nanodrug (BBGN-Mo) [149] | The BBGN-Mo exhibits excellent anti-inflammatory effect |
| Delivery of EVs | Poly (ethylene glycol) hydrogels (Exogels) [25] | The macrophage-derived EVs can promote angiogenesis and suppress inflammation | |
| Delivery of stem cells | PLGA@IL-8/ADM system [26] | This system provides exogenous MSCs for anti-inflammation | |
| Delivery of cytokines | PLGA-curcumin NPs [150] | NPs exhibit anti-inflammatory effects via release of curcumin | |
| Delivery of antioxidants | Mitochondria-targeted hybrid nanozymes [151] | The artificial cascade nanozyme possesses superoxide dismutase- and catalase-like activities as well as anti-inflammation | |
| Delivery of therapeutic gas | DNase-CO@MPDA NPs [152] | The released carbon monoxide (CO) exhibits robust anti-inflammatory activity | |
| Gene therapy | miR-223-loaded hyaluronic acid NPs [125] | The released miR-223 exhibits anti-inflammation via harness macrophage polarization | |
| ROS scavenge | Antioxidant NPs | Ultrasmall Cu5.4O nanoparticles (Cu5.4O USNPs) [153] | Cu5.4O USNPs with multiple enzyme-mimicking and broad-spectrum ROS scavenging ability |
| Delivery of cytokines | Polydopamine NPs (PDA NPs) [154] | PDA degrades ROS and generates oxygen | |
| Delivery of antioxidants | PDA/PUE/FA NPs [155] | The released ferulic acid (FA) exhibits excellent antioxidant activity | |
| Delivery of therapeutic gas | Multifunctional nanosystem for delivery of gaseous hydrogen [156] | Hydrogen exhibits ROS-scavenging ability via activation of Nrf2 signaling | |
| Gene therapy | MS-CeO2 nanocomposites [157] | The nano-miR129 released from the composites can significantly enhance anti-ROS efficiency |