Table 1. Model input parameters.
| Parameters | Base-case value | Range for sensitivity analysis | Distribution | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical inputs | ||||
| TBD prevalence in HIV-infected patients | 27.46% | 21.97%–32.95% | Beta | [23] |
| Proportion of DR-TB in TBD cases | 7.12% | 3.10%–8.54% | Beta | [24] |
| Sensitivity for TBD in HIV-infected patients | ||||
| SSM | 61.79% | 54.90% –68.40% | Beta | [25] |
| AlereLAM | 34.90% | 19.50%–50.90% | Beta | [26] |
| FujiLAM | 70.70% | 59.00%–80.80% | Beta | [26] |
| Xpert for MTB detection | 74.90% | 58.70%–86.20% | Beta | [9] |
| Xpert Ultra for MTB detection | 87.60% | 75.40%–94.10% | Beta | [9] |
| Xpert for RIF resistance | 95.30% | 90.00%–98.10% | Beta | [9] |
| Xpert Ultra for RIF resistance | 94.90% | 88.90%–97.90% | Beta | [9] |
| Clinical (empiric) diagnosis for test negative | 61.00% | 55.00%–67.00% | Beta | [27] |
| Specificity for TBD in HIV-infected patients | ||||
| SSM | 99.73% | 99.60%–99.80% | Beta | [25] |
| AlereLAM | 95.30% | 92.20%–97.70% | Beta | [26] |
| FujiLAM | 90.90% | 87.20%–93.70% | Beta | [26] |
| Xpert for MTB detection | 99.70% | 98.60%–100.00% | Beta | [9] |
| Xpert Ultra for MTB detection | 92.80% | 82.30%–97.00% | Beta | [9] |
| Xpert for RIF resistance | 98.80% | 97.20%–99.60% | Beta | [9] |
| Xpert Ultra for RIF resistance | 99.10% | 97.70%–99.80% | Beta | [9] |
| Clinical (empiric) diagnosis for test negative | 69.00% | 66.00%–72.00% | Beta | [27] |
| Mortality rate among DS-TB in HIV-infected patients | 9.63% | 6.37%–20.24% | Beta | [28] |
| Mortality rate among DR-TB in HIV-infected patients | 21.00% | 13.00%–42.63% | Beta | [29] |
| Hazard ratio of mortality with late TB treatment | 1.36 | 1.07–1.77 | Lognormal | [30] |
| Utility inputs | ||||
| Utility | ||||
| DS-TB treatment | 0.69 | 0.57–0.77 | Triangular | [31] |
| DR-TB treatment | 0.51 | 0.39–0.73 | Triangular | [31] |
| Age-specific utility | [32] | |||
| 18–65 years | 0.92 | — | ||
| >65 years | 0.84 | — | ||
| HIV patient age (years) | 35 | 30–42 | Triangular | [14] |
| Cost inputs (USD) | ||||
| Cost per test | ||||
| SSM | 10 | 8–12 | Gamma | [33, 34] |
| AlereLAM | 4 | 3–5 | Gamma | [35] |
| FujiLAM | 8 | 4–19 | Gamma | [36] |
| Xpert | 26 | 21–31 | Gamma | [37] |
| Xpert Ultra | 26 | 21–31 | Gamma | [35, 37] |
| Mycobacterial culture | 25 | 20–30 | Gamma | [38] |
| Drug susceptibility testing | 63 | 50–76 | Gamma | [34] |
| Chest X-ray | 39 | 31–47 | Gamma | [33] |
| TB outpatient clinic visit (cost per visit) | 38 | 30–46 | Gamma | [38] |
| Oral antibiotics trial (treatment course) | 7 | 6–8 | Gamma | [39] |
| Cost per case | ||||
| DS-TB treatment | 461 | 369–553 | Gamma | [38] |
| DR-TB treatment | 12,161 | 9,729–14,593 | Gamma | [38] |
| TB-related mortality | 4,698 | 3,758–5,638 | Gamma | [40] |
DR-TB: drug resistant tuberculosis; DS-TB: drug susceptible tuberculosis; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; MTB: mycobacterial tuberculosis; RIF: rifampicin; SSM: sputum smear microscope; TB: tuberculosis; TBD: tuberculosis disease.