Table 2. Random intercept linear and logistic multilevel model for the exploration of associations of individual educational level and working status with perceived health by gender.
Spain (2014–2017).
| Global | ||||||||||
| Linear model | Logistic model | |||||||||
| Variable | Coefficient | SE | 95% CI | p | Odds ratio | SE | 95% CI | p | ||
| LL | UL | LL | UL | |||||||
| Working status (level 2) | ||||||||||
| • Employed | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| • Unemployed | .039 | .014 | .010 | .068 | .006 | 1.232 | .076 | 1.089 | 1.394 | .001 |
| • Student | -.049 | .013 | -.076 | -.023 | .000 | .861 | .141 | .624 | 1.188 | .361 |
| • Homemaker | .014 | .100 | -.005 | .034 | .149 | 1.078 | .631 | .962 | 1.210 | .196 |
| • Retired | .140 | .055 | .031 | .248 | .012 | 1.540 | .379 | .950 | 2.496 | .080 |
| • Other inactive | .495 | .330 | .431 | .560 | .000 | 4.100 | .492 | 3.241 | 5.187 | .000 |
| Educational level (level 2) | ||||||||||
| • Primary | .051 | .011 | .029 | .073 | .000 | 1.228 | .075 | 1.090 | 1.384 | .001 |
| • Secondary | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| • College | -.089 | .012 | -.114 | -.065 | .000 | .667 | .037 | .598 | .745 | .000 |
| Social deprivation (level 2) | ||||||||||
| • LWIH | .048 | .017 | .016 | .081 | .004 | 1.010 | .115 | .805 | 1.260 | .952 |
| • Severe material Deprivation | .144 | .024 | .096 | .192 | .000 | 1.856 | .177 | 1.540 | 2.234 | .000 |
| • AROPE | .053 | .015 | .017 | .089 | .001 | 1.437 | .105 | 1.244 | 1.658 | .000 |
| • Household income (level 2) | -.020 | .007 | -.034 | -.006 | .006 | . 912 | .037 | .843 | .988 | .023 |
| Per capita health expenditure (level 3) | .000 | .000 | -.000 | .000 | .347 | 1.000 | .000 | 1.000 | 1.001 | .242 |
| Gender (level 2) | ||||||||||
| • Women | .042 | .008 | .023 | .062 | .000 | 1.187 | .063 | 1.070 | 1.318 | .001 |
| Age (level 2) | .012 | .000 | .011 | .013 | .000 | 1.048 | .003 | 1.042 | 1.055 | .000 |
| Chronic illness (level 2) | .736 | .014 | .709 | .764 | .000 | 19.206 | .000 | 15.619 | 23.618 | .000 |
| Constant | 1.382 | .136 | 1.113 | 1.651 | .000 | .007 | .006 | .011 | .039 | .000 |
Note. N (level 1: years) = 4; N(level 2: women) = 8.603; N(Level 2: men) = 8.424; N(level 3 (regions) = 17. LWIH (Low Work Intensity in the Household) AROPE (At Risk of Poverty and Social Exclusion)
Source: Prepared by the authors using data from Instituto Nacional de Estadistica (INE) (2020). Carencia Material. Carencia Material Severa [Material Deprivation. Severe Material Deprivation]. Recovered from https://www.ine.es/ss/Satellite?L=es_ES&c=INESeccion_C&cid=1259925456180&p=1254735110672&pagename=ProductosYServicios%2FPYSLayout¶m1=PYSDetalle¶m3=1259924822888, Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE) (2022). Encuesta de condiciones de vida. Resultados. Recovered from https://www.ine.es/dyngs/INEbase/es/operacion.htm?c=Estadistica_C&cid=1254736176807&menu=resultados&idp=1254735976608#!tabs-1254736195153 and Ministerio de Sanidad del Gobierno de España (2022) Estadística de Gasto Sanitario Público (EGSP) 2019: Principales resultados. Recovered from: https://www.mscbs.gob.es/estadEstudios/estadisticas/docs/EGSP2008/egspPrincipalesResultados.pdf.