TABLE 1.
Multivariable Association Between COVID-19 Cases and Deaths and Chlamydia Cases Per 100,000
| Parameter | COVID-19 Case Model | COVID-19 Death Model | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IRR (95% CI) | P* | IRR (95% CI) | P † | |
| COVID-19 cases (1000 cases/100,000 people) | 1.02 (1.02–1.03) | <0.001 | — | — |
| COVID-19 deaths (1000 deaths/100,000 people) | — | — | 1.25 (1.00–1.56) | 0.054 |
| Unemployment (5 percentage points) | 1.18 (1.08–1.28) | <0.001 | 1.12 (1.03–1.22) | 0.007 |
| Below poverty line (5 percentage points) | 1.11 (1.08–1.15) | <0.001 | 1.11 (1.08–1.15) | <0.001 |
| Education (reference: high school diploma, 5 percentage points) | ||||
| Less than high school diploma | 0.94 (0.91–0.97) | <0.001 | 0.94 (0.91–0.97) | <0.001 |
| Bachelor's degree and higher | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 0.948 | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) | 0.608 |
| Race (reference: White, 5 percentage points) | ||||
| Black or African American | 1.09 (1.09–1.10) | <0.001 | 1.09 (10.9–1.10) | <0.001 |
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 1.06 (1.04–1.08) | <0.001 | 1.06 (1.05–1.08) | <0.001 |
| Asian | 1.02 (0.98–1.05) | 0.338 | 1.01 (0.97–1.05) | 0.683 |
| Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander | 0.96 (0.84–1.10) | 0.538 | 0.95 (0.83–1.09) | 0.475 |
| Some other race | 1.04 (1.02–1.06) | <0.001 | 1.04 (1.02–1.06) | <0.001 |
| Age (reference: 20–64 y, 5 percentage points), y | ||||
| ≤19 | 1.01 (0.97–1.04) | 0.734 | 1.01 (0.98–1.05) | 0.367 |
| ≥65 | 0.85 (0.83–0.87) | <0.001 | 0.84 (0.82–0.86) | <0.001 |
| Rurality (reference: urban) | ||||
| Suburban | 0.98 (0.94–1.02) | 0.255 | 0.99 (0.95–1.02) | 0.459 |
| Rural | 0.77 (0.74–0.81) | <0.001 | 0.79 (0.75–0.83) | <0.001 |
Note that IRR values for COVID-19 cases and deaths are expressed for every 1000 new cases or deaths per 100,000 individuals, whereas IRR values for demographic variables are expressed for every 5-additional-percentage-point increase in that variable relative to a 5-percentage-point decrease in the reference category.
*P values are derived from a multivariable quasi-Poisson model with an outcome of county-level chlamydia cases per 100,000, a primary exposure of COVID-19 cases, and adjustments for the enumerated covariates.
†P values are derived from a multivariable quasi-Poisson model with an outcome of county-level chlamydia cases per 100,000, a primary exposure of COVID-19 deaths, and adjustments for the enumerated covariates.