TABLE 2.
Multivariable Association Between COVID-19 Cases and Deaths and Gonorrhea Cases Per 100,000
| Parameter | COVID-19 Case Model | COVID-19 Death Model | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IRR (95% CI) | P* | IRR (95% CI) | P † | |
| COVID-19 cases (1000 cases/100,000 people) | 1.05 (1.04–1.06) | <0.001 | — | — |
| COVID-19 deaths (1000 deaths/100,000 people) | — | — | 1.58 (1.10–2.27) | 0.013 |
| Unemployment (5 percentage points) | 1.15 (0.98–1.35) | 0.078 | 1.05 (0.91–1.23) | 0.510 |
| Below poverty line (5 percentage points) | 1.19 (1.13–1.25) | <0.001 | 1.19 (1.13–1.25) | <0.001 |
| Education (reference: high school diploma, 5 percentage points) | ||||
| Less than high school diploma | 0.94 (0.89–0.99) | 0.017 | 0.94 (0.89–1.00) | 0.034 |
| Bachelor's degree and higher | 0.99 (0.96–1.02) | 0.602 | 0.98 (0.96–1.01) | 0.283 |
| Race (reference: White, 5 percentage points) | ||||
| Black or African American | 1.12 (1.11–1.13) | <0.001 | 1.12 (1.10–1.13) | <0.001 |
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 1.08 (1.05–1.11) | <0.001 | 1.09 (1.06–1.11) | <0.001 |
| Asian | 1.06 (1.00–1.12) | 0.060 | 1.03 (0.97–1.09) | 0.340 |
| Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander | 0.91 (0.79–1.04) | 0.177 | 0.90 (0.79–1.04) | 0.141 |
| Some other race | 0.99 (0.96–1.03) | 0.708 | 1.00 (0.96–1.03) | 0.903 |
| Age (reference: 20–64 y, 5 percentage points), y | ||||
| ≤19 | 1.00 (0.95–1.05) | 0.952 | 1.02 (0.97–1.08) | 0.410 |
| ≥65 | 0.85 (0.82–0.89) | <0.001 | 0.83 (0.79–0.86) | <0.001 |
| Rurality (reference: urban) | ||||
| Suburban | 0.86 (0.81–0.91) | <0.001 | 0.87 (0.82–0.92) | <0.001 |
| Rural | 0.63 (0.58–0.68) | <0.001 | 0.65 (0.60–0.71) | <0.001 |
Note that IRR values for COVID-19 cases and deaths are expressed for every 1000 new cases or deaths per 100,000 individuals, whereas IRR values for demographic variables are expressed for every 5-additional-percentage-point increase in that variable relative to a 5-percentage-point decrease in the reference category.
*P values are derived from a multivariable quasi-Poisson model with an outcome of county-level gonorrhea cases per 100,000, a primary exposure of COVID-19 cases, and adjustments for the enumerated covariates.
†P values are derived from a multivariable quasi-Poisson model with an outcome of county-level gonorrhea cases per 100,000, a primary exposure of COVID-19 deaths, and adjustments for the enumerated covariates.