Table 3.
The descriptive characteristics of all studies included in the systematic review.
| First author | Study setting (country) | Research design | Pain intensity M (SD) |
CP subtype | Procedure language | Comorbid symptoms of EG | Sample size (EG) | Sample size (CG) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *Andersson and Haldrup (2003) | Sweden | Quasiexperimental/2 matched groups | NPRS 0-10 6.25 (1.3) |
FM, whiplash, and LBP | Swedish | Anxiety and depression | 20 | 20 |
| *Asmundson et al. (2005) | Canada | Quasiexperimental/2 groups design | MPI-pain subscale 4.1 (1.2) |
83% BP | English | Anxiety and depression | 36 | 29 |
| Asmundson and Hadjistavropoulos (2006) | Canada | Quasiexperimental/2 matched groups (secondary reanalysis) | — | 83% (n = 30) BP | English | Anxiety, FOP, and depression | 36 | 29 |
| *Beck et al. (2001) | USA | Quasiexperimental/3 groups design | PTSD with CP 4.33(1.17) CP 3.80 (1.44) |
Musculoskeletal | English | PTSD and other nonspecified psychiatric diagnoses | 26 | 21 |
| *Carleton et al. (2020) | Canada | Quasiexperimental/2 groups design | — | FM | English | Anxiety, depression, and stress | 26 | 29 |
| Chapman and Martin (2011) | UK | Quasiexperimental/2 groups design | 51.35 (19.21) | IBS | English | Anxiety and depression | 20 | 33 |
| Crombez et al. (2000) | Belgium | Quasiexperimental/one group design | 48.72 (24.88) | LPB | Dutch | Anxiety | 25 | NA |
| Dear et al.26 (2011) | Australia | Quasiexperimental/2 groups design | Not specified | 44% LBP and limbs; 17% upper shoulder and cervical region | English | — | 139 | 200 |
| *Dear et al.25 (2011) | Australia | Quasiexperimental/2 groups design | Not specified | LBP 43%; upper shoulder and cervical 17% | English | Depression, stress, and anxiety | 129 | 50 |
| Dehghani et al. (2003) | Australia | Quasiexperimental/one group design | MPI 4.07 (1.13) | LBP (37.5%), upper-limb pain (15%), lower-limb pain (14%), and 6% cervical pain | English | Moderate disability, depression, anxiety, FOP, and severe stress | 168 | NA |
| Dehghani et al. (2004) | Australia | Quasiexperimental/one group pretest–posttest design | MPI 4.25 (1) | CLBP (38.1%), upper limb pain (12%), lower limbs (12%), cervical pain (12%). | English | Moderate disability, FOM, and FOP Severe stress, clinical depression, and anxiety |
42 | NA |
| *Duschek et al. (2014) | Germany | Quasiexperimental/2 groups design | MPQ 53.8 (16.5) | FM | German Deutsch | Depression and anxiety | 27 | 34 |
| Fashler and Katz (2014) | Canada | Quasiexperimental/2 groups design | Mild (15.7%), moderate (74.5%), severe (9.8%) | Neck or BP (30), headache/migraine pain (22), ankle/knee (21), shoulder (15) stomach (12) hip (5), arm (2), eye (1), and jaw (1) | English | Severe disability and anxiety | 51 | 62 |
| *Fashler and Katz (2016) | Canada | Quasiexperimental/2 groups design | Mild (15.7%), moderate (74.5%), and severe (9.8%). | Neck and/or BP (30), headache/migraine pain (22), ankle/knee (21), shoulder (15) stomach (12) hip (5), arm (2), eye (1), and jaw (1) | English | Severe disability and anxiety | 51 | 62 |
| *Franklin et al. (2016) | UK | Quasiexperimental design/4 groups design (defensive high-anxious, high-anxious, repressor, non-extreme, and control) | — | CBP | English | Anxiety | 70 | 20 |
| Garland and Howard (2013) | USA | Preallocation assessment/2 groups RCT | MORE 5.82 ± 1.27 Support 5.94 ± 1.59 | Lumbago (58%), FM (19%), arthritis (13%), and cervicalgia (3%) | English | MDD GAD Substance use PTSD |
92 | NA |
| *González et al. (2010) | Spain | Quasiexperimental/2 groups design | — | FM | Spanish | Anxiety | 25 | 25 |
| *Haggman et al. (2010) | Australia | Quasiexperimental/4 groups design (CLBP-PT/CLBP- tertiary referral pain clinic/acute LBP/control) | PT 2.61 (2.25) Tertiary 4.85 (2.81) |
LBP | English | Depression | 107 | 50 |
| Harvold et al. (2018) | Denmark | Quasiexperimental/2 groups design | CP no PTSD 6.4 ± 1.6 CP and PTSD 7.4 ± 1.5 |
RTA related noncancer CNP | Danish | PTSD | 20 | NA (CP + PTSD group less than 20) |
| Jackson et al. (2019) | China | Quasiexperimental/one group sample design | CPGS 12.66 (4.82) | Neck or shoulder (46%) LBP (28%) Extremity (13%) Head or face (10%) Others (3%) |
Chinese | — | 89 | NA |
| *Khatibi et al. (2008) | Iran | Quasiexperimental/2 groups design | VAS (100 mm) 54.6 (13.6) | Not specified | Persian | Anxiety, depression, stress, FOM, and FOP | 170 | 40 |
| Liossi et al. (2010) | UK | Quasiexperimental/2 groups design | 2.5 (1.1) | CH (tension type) | English | Anger trait, angry temperament, angry reaction, and anger out | 40 | 40 |
| Mazidi et al. (2019) | Iran | Quasiexperimental/2 groups design | VAS current week 5.34 (2.24)/VAS currently 2.7 (2.17) | 17.85% upper limbs, 21.43% lower limbs, and 10.71% BP | Persian | Anxiety, depression, and stress | 28 | 29 |
| Mohammadi et al. (2012) | Iran | Quasiexperimental/3 groups design (CP, caregivers, and control) | VAS—100 mm CP 51.41 (30.71) caregivers' estimation 53.71 (28.43) |
20.7% upper limbs, 23.7% lower limbs, 43% BP, and 12.6% more than one location | Persian | Nonsig. on anxiety, depression or stress | 135 | 52 |
| Peters et al. (2000) | Netherland | Quasiexperimental/2 groups design | — | FM | Dutch | Nonspecific bodily symptoms | 30 | 30 |
| *Pincus et al. (1998) (experiment 1 only) | UK | Quasiexperimental/2 groups (2 × 4 factorial design) | NPRS scale 1-101 30 (17) |
— | English | Anxiety and depression | 20 | 20 |
| *Roelofs et al. (2005) | Netherland | Quasiexperimental/2 groups design | Using VAS-100 mm 60.1 mm (26.3) |
CLBP | Dutch | Substantial physical disability | 49 | 44 |
| Schoth and Liossi (2013) | UK | Quasiexperimental/2 groups design | 3.11 (1.22) | CH | English | Depression and state and trait anxiety. | 37 | 38 |
| *Schoth et al. (2014) | UK | Quasiexperimental/2 groups design | — | Tension-type headache 19 (83%) Migraine 4 (17%) |
English | Severe disability | 23 | 24 |
| Sharpe et al. (2009) | Australia | Quasiexperimental/one group design | 5.6 (9.9) | Definite or classic rheumatoid arthritis | English | Anxiety | 100 | NA |
| Sharpe et al. (2012) (study 2 only) | Australia | Preallocation RCT (study 2 only) | ABM + CBT 4.45 ± 2.0 PT + CBT 3.3 ± 2.0 |
Benign CP Arthritis |
English | Disability | 34 | NA |
| Snider et al. (2000) | Canada | Quasiexperimental/2 groups design | MPQ-SF 5.6 (2.1) |
CBP (23) CNP (10) |
English | Depression | 33 | 33 |
| Van Ryckeghem et al. (2012) | Belgium | Quasiexperimental/one group design | MPI scale 3.86 (SD = 0.98) |
CBP (92.8%), CNP (68.1%) Leg pain (66.7%) Arm pain (44.9%) |
Flemish | Depression, disability, and anxiety | 69 | NA |
| *Yang et al. (2013) | China | Quasiexperimental/2 groups sample design | Using CPGQ High FOP group 16.85 (4.06) Low FOP group 16.27 (1.90) |
Abdominal pain (12) Headache (4) BP (3) Orofacial pain (2) Shoulder pain (1) NP (1) Chest pain (1) |
Chinese | FOP | 24 | 24 |
*
Study included also in the meta-analysis.
ABM, attentional bias modification; BP, back pain; CBP, chronic back pain; CBT, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy; CH, chronic headache; CLBP, chronic low back pain; CP, chronic pain; CPGQ, Chronic Pain Grade Questionnaire; DP, dot-probe task; FM, fibromyalgia; FOM, fear of movement; FOP, fear of pain; FOP, fear of pain; FV, free viewing task; GAD, generalised anxiety disorder; LBP, low back pain; MDD, major depressive disorder; NP, chronic neck pain; NPRS, Numeric Pain Rating Scale; PC, Posner cueing task; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder; RTA, road traffic accident; S, Stroop task; VAS, pain severity: Visual Analogue Scale.