Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and outcomes of enrolled patients (N = 235)
| Baseline characteristics and outcome | Values |
|---|---|
| Age (years) | 56 ± 12 |
| Male, n (%) | 145 (61.7) |
| Etiology of cirrhosis, n (%) | |
| Hepatitis B virus | 111 (47.3) |
| Hepatitis C virus | 18 (7.6) |
| Alcohol | 30 (12.8) |
| Primary sclerosing cholangitis | 26 (11.0) |
| Others | 50 (21.3) |
| Decompensation at admission, n (%) | |
| Ascites | 154 (65.5) |
| Mild | 81 (34.4) |
| Moderate | 50 (21.2) |
| Massive | 23 (9.7) |
| Hepatic encephalopathy | 19 (8.1) |
| I–II | 8 (3.4) |
| III–IV | 11 (4.7) |
| Bacterial infection | 42 (17.9) |
| Respiratory infection | 19 (8.1) |
| Urinary tract infection | 6 (2.6) |
| Spontaneous peritonitis | 5 (2.1) |
| Others | 12 (5.1) |
| HCC within Milan criterion, n (%) | 20 (8.5) |
| Mean arterial pressure (mm Hg) | 85 ± 12 |
| Laboratory tests | |
| White blood cell (109/L) | 3.80 (2.54–6.37) |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | 78.0 (69.0–91.0) |
| Platelet count (109/L) | 73.0 (49.0–105.0) |
| Bilirubin (mg/dL) | 18.9 (12.8–27.8) |
| Albumin (g/L) | 32.0 ± 5.3 |
| Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) | 19.1 (14.0–29.3) |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) | 26.8 (20.0–42.9) |
| International normalized ratio | 1.27 (1.16–1.41) |
| Prothrombin time (s) | 14.4 (13.3–16.1) |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 68.0 (58.0–79.0) |
| Serum sodium (mmol/L) | 139.1 (137.0–140.9) |
| Serum potassium (mmol/L) | 4.0 ± 0.5 |
| Previous variceal bleeding, n (%) | 102 (43.4) |
| Source of bleeding, n (%) | |
| EV | 63 (26.8) |
| GOV1 | 18 (7.7) |
| GOV2 | 128 (54.5) |
| GOV1+GOV2 | 2 (0.8) |
| IGV1 | 24 (10.2) |
| Size of EV (≥5 mm), n (%) | 183 (77.9) |
| Size of IGV1 (>10 mm), n (%) | 45 (19.1) |
| Acute bleeding at endoscopy, n (%) | 62 (26.4) |
| Number of band ligation | 12.6 ± 6.1 |
| Volume of sclerosing agent (mL) | 23.7 ± 6.9 |
| Volume of tissue glue (mL) | 2.9 ± 1.8 |
| Vasoactive drug therapy, n (%) | |
| Somatostatin | 189 (80.4) |
| Octreotide | 46 (19.6) |
| Prophylactic antibiotic therapy, n (%) | |
| Cefatriaxone | 180 (76.6) |
| Levofloxacin | 21 (8.9) |
| None | 34 (14.5) |
| Use of NSBB, n (%) | |
| Primary prophylaxis of bleeding | 21 (8.9) |
| Secondary prophylaxis of bleeding | 179 (76.2) |
| Prognostic scores at enrolment | |
| CLIF-C AD | 42 ± 8 |
| CTP | 7 (6–9) |
| MELD | 10 (9–12) |
| MELD-Na | 11 (9–13) |
| CTP class, n (%) | |
| A | 77 (32.7) |
| B | 121 (51.4) |
| C | 37 (15.7) |
| 6-week rebleeding, n (%) | 28 (11.9) |
| 6-week mortality, n (%) | 13 (5.5) |
| Cause of death, n (%) | |
| Hemorrhagic shock | 5 (2.1) |
| Multiple organ failure | 5 (2.1) |
| Liver failure | 2 (0.9) |
| Septic shock | 1 (0.4) |
Data were described as means (±SD), median (interquartile range) or number (percentage) of patients where appropriate.
CLIF-C AD, Chronic Liver Failure-Consortium Acute Decompensation; EV, esophageal varices; GOV, gastroesophageal varices; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; IGV, isolated gastric varices; NSBB, non-selective beta blocker.