TABLE 2.
Effect of activity breaks on 4-h plasma glucose, insulin, and triglyceride AUC and iAUC response compared with prolonged sitting in a group of 28 adult participants and by BMI category.a
| AUC | Prolonged Sitting | Activity Breaks | Mean Difference (95% CI)b |
|---|---|---|---|
| Glucose AUC, mmol·L−1 per 240 min | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | mmol·L−1 per 240 min |
| All | 1533 (178) | 1420 (144) | −113 (−174 to −51) |
| Normal weight | 1516 (223) | 1414 (162) | −102 (−230 to 27) |
| Overweight | 1493 (162) | 1369 (137) | −124 (−237 to −10) |
| Obese | 1591 (137) | 1478 (121) | −114 (−172 to −55) |
| Insulin AUC, pmol·L−1 per 240 min | Geometric Mean (95% CI) | Geometric Mean (95% CI) | % |
| All | 12290 (9863 to 15315) | 10089 (7632 to 13338) | −17.9 (−29.0 to −5.1) |
| Normal weight | 8353 (6598 to 10576) | 6328 (4144 to 9661) | −24.3 (−40.8 to −3.1) |
| Overweight | 10540 (8102 to 13713) | 8418 (5713 to 12403) | −20.1 (−27.8 to 2.5) |
| Obese | 22009 (14959 to 32380) | 20306 (13911 to 29640) | −7.7 (−27.6 to 17.6) |
| Triglycerides AUC, mmol·L−1 per 240 min | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | mmol·L−1 per 240 min |
| All | 262 (96) | 278 (112) | 15.5 (−8.0 to 38.9) |
| Normal weight | 248 (88) | 290 (130) | 42.2 (−12.4 to 96.7) |
| Overweight | 196 (48) | 193 (34) | −3.0 (−30.9 to 24.9) |
| Obese | 345 (85) | 349 (91) | 4.3 (−14.1 to 22.7) |
| iAUC | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Glucose iAUC, mmol·L−1 per 240 min | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | mmol·L−1 per 240 min |
| All | 400 (178) | 274 (164) | −126 (−197 to −55) |
| Normal weight | 380 (233) | 217 (163) | −163 (−310 to −16) |
| Overweight | 364 (167) | 247 (166) | −117 (−243 to 9) |
| Obese | 457 (108) | 363 (139) | −94 (−167 to −21) |
| Insulin iAUC, pmol·L−1 per 240 min | Geometric Mean (95% CI) | Geometric Mean (95% CI) | % |
| All | 9443 (7151 to 12469) | 6968 (4926 to 9858) | −26.2 (−39.6 to −9.9) |
| Normal weight | 5566 (3569 to 8680) | 3747 (2013 to 6973) | −32.7 (−55.2 to 1.1) |
| Overweight | 8851 (6647 to 11785) | 6244 (4079 to 9560) | −29.4 (−46.8 to −16.5) |
| Obese | 18126 (11663 to 28171) | 15495 (9948 to 24135) | −14.5 (−36.5 to 15.1) |
| AUC adjusted for baseline c | |||
| Triglycerides AUC, mmol·L−1 per 240 min | Baseline Mean (SD) | Baseline Mean (SD) | Mean Difference (95% CI) Triglycerides AUC Adjusted for Baseline, mmol·L−1 per 240 min |
| All | 1.12 (0.39) | 1.14 (0.40) | 8.1 (−9.2 to 25.4) |
| Normal weight | 1.04 (0.34) | 1.17 (0.49) | 12.0 (−19.8 to 43.8) |
| Overweight | 0.86 (0.18) | 0.88 (0.19) | −7.0 (−18.3 to 4.3) |
| Obese | 1.46 (0.37) | 1.39 (0.31) | 21.4 (−7.9 to 50.7) |
aDefinition of BMI categories: healthy weight, 18.5 to 24.9 kg·m−2 (n = 10); overweight, 25 to 29.9 kg·m−2 (n = 9); and obese, >30 kg·m−2 (n = 9).
bMean difference, 95% CI, and P values estimated using a mixed effects regression model adjusted for randomized order with participant as a random effect. Insulin AUC and iAUC were log-transformed and effect sizes presented as percent difference.
cTriglyceride AUC showed that some participants had a response that dropped below their baseline level (therefore having iAUC = 0: n = 6 in activity condition, n = 1 in sitting condition). These negative responses are not captured by iAUC and the distribution becomes truncated, so instead an analysis of AUC that adjusted for baseline level was undertaken.