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. 2023 Jul 13;7(8):e930. doi: 10.1097/HS9.0000000000000930

Table 2.

Multivariable model for clinical and psychosocial outcomes

Outcome: Dysfunctional Organs
Covariate		 Odds ratio (95% CI) of ‘2+ dysfunctional organs’ P-value*
Age group (YA vs. A) 2.57 (1.778, 3.760) <.001
Genotype (Severe vs. Less Severe) 1.51 (1.070, 2.128) .020
Regular blood transfusions (Yes vs. No) 1.87 (1.330, 2.637) <.001
How often have very severe pain .009
 Never 1.00 (Reference) 1.00
 Rarely 1.14 (0.694, 1.892) .609
 Sometimes 1.81 (1.134, 2.909) .014
 Often 1.96 (1.193, 3.247) .009
 Always 2.60 (1.038, 6.500) .035
Majority of care .005
 Not currently receiving care 1.00 (Reference) 1.00
 SCD specialist 5.58 (0.928, 106.851) .122
 PCP 1.80 (0.258, 36.464) .615
 Emergency department 2.92 (0.420, 59.003) .359
Outcome: Number of acute pain/crisis visits in past 12 months
Covariate Point Estimate P-value
Age group (YA vs. A) 2.58 (1.290, 3.878) <.001
Hydroxyurea (Ever vs. Never) 2.29 (1.079, 3.511) <.001
Outcome: Barriers to medical care in the past 12 months
Covariate Point Estimate P-value
Age group (YA vs. A) 0.48 (0.297, 0.669) <.001
Gender (Male vs. Female) -0.32 (-0.470, -0.161) <.001
Majority of care
 Not currently receiving care 0.00 (Reference) 1.00
 SCD specialist -0.17 (-0.857, 0.525) .638
 PCP -0.05 (-0.805, 0.714) .907
 Emergency department 0.77 (-0.004, 1.551) .051
Outcome: Depression
Covariate 		Point Estimate P-value
Age group (YA vs. A) 1.75 (0.459, 3.033) .008
Income (>$25K vs ≤$25K) -1.04 (-2.091, 0.003) .051
How often have very severe pain
 Never 0.00 (Reference) 1.00
 Rarely 1.36 (-0.371, 3.099) .123
 Sometimes 3.14 (1.517, 4.761) <.001
 Often 5.84 (4.086, 7.596) <.001
 Always 8.22 (5.261, 11.176) <.001
Outcome: Depression Treatment
Covariate 		Odds ratio (95% CI) of ‘current treatment’ P-value
Age group (YA vs. A) 1.35 (0.835, 2.262) .229
Gender (Male vs. Female) 0.65 (0.442, 0.9941) .024
Insurance
 None 1.00 (Reference) 1.00
 Private 1.02 (0.415, 2.882) .974
 Public 1.71 (0.738, 4.662) .255
Ethnicity (Hispanic vs. Non-Hispanic) 2.39 (0.937, 6.179) .022
How often have very severe pain
 Never 1.00 (Reference) 1.00
 Rarely 1.49 (0.699, 3.394) .320
 Sometimes 2.32 (1.174, 5.026) .022
 Often 3.75 (1.877, 8.212) <.001
 Always 3.94 (1.387, 11.131) .008
Outcome: Anxiety
Covariate 		Odds ratio (95% CI) of ‘Anxiety’ P-value
Age group (YA vs. A) 7.07 (1.452, 127.564) .058
Regular blood transfusions (Yes vs. No) 2.26 (1.362, 3.740) .002
Hydroxyurea (Yes vs. No) 2.19 (1.184, 4.340) .017
Outcome: Sleep Impact
Covariate 		Point Estimate P-value
Age group (YA vs. A) -1.96 (-3.403, -0.516) <.001
Gender (Male vs. Female) 1.36 (0.188, 2.529) .008
How often have very severe pain
 Never 0.00 (Reference) 1.00
 Rarely -2.97 (-4.898, -1.048) .003
 Sometimes -5.90 (-7.719, -4.088) <.001
 Often -8.98 (-10.929, -7.041) <.001
 Always -11.32 (-14.603, -8.040) <.001
Outcome: Cognitive Functioning
Covariate 		Point Estimate P-value
Age group (YA vs. A) 1.99 (0.561, 3.450) .007
How often have very severe pain
 Never 0.00 (Reference) 1.00
 Rarely -2.33 (-4.277, -0.383) .019
 Sometimes -4.10 (-5.935, -2.263) <.001
 Often -4.55 (-6.502, -2.591) <.001
 Always -6.79 (-10.098, -3.474) <.001
Outcome: Task Management
Covariate 		Point Estimate P-value
Age group (YA vs. A) 1.46 (0.175, 2.737) <.001
Outcome: Reliance on Others
Covariate 		Point Estimate P-value
Age group (YA vs. A) -0.54 (-1.882, 0.803) .431
How often have very severe pain
 Never 0.00 (Reference) 1.000
 Rarely -4.07 (-5.868, -2.272) <.001
 Sometimes -8.08 (-9.781, -6.389) <.001
 Often -12.55 (-14.347, -10.743) <.001
 Always -16.61 (-19.671, -13.552) <.001

A = adolescents; CI = confidence interval; PCP = primary care provider; SCD = sickle cell disease; YA = young adults.

*

Bold text is used to identify P-values less than 0.05.